PERPETUATION

OF
LIFE
“The Continuation of Life”
 Plant
Reproducti
on
PLANT REPRODUCTION: Asexual
Reproduction

• No fusion of sex cell or gametes

• Only a single parent is involved
• Produce from vegetative units
• Genetically identical to the parent
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Fission
• Example: yeast or bacteria
• 2,4, or 8 daughter cells
• Binary (2) or multiple (4) daughter cells
• Each daughter cell grows into a new organism

Binary Fission- a process where one cell divides

to form two identical cells. This an example of
asexual reproduction.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Budding

• Build-like growth in the side of

the parent cell
• Separate from the parent cell
• Becomes new organism
• E.G Hydra
BUDDING
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
Fragmentation

• Accidental breaking off into

many fragments
• Gives rise to a new organism
through cell division
• E.G Spirogyra
Fragmentation
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Spore
Formation
• Occurs in lower plants
• E.g pteridopytes and byrophytes
• Special reproductive units developed
asexually on the parent’s body
(spores)
• Develop into new plants
Spore Formation
VEGITATIVE REPRODUCTION

• Formation of new plants form a

somatic (vegetative) cell
• Only requires mitotic division
• No gametic fusion occurs
• Daughter plants are exact copies of
their parents
• Fusion of male and female gametes
• Haploid gametes
• Contain the half genetic material
• Fertilization results in the formation of a
diploid zygote
• Offspring are not genetically similar to
their parents
REPRODUCTION IN LOWER PLANTS:
Chlamydomanas

• Unicellular algae
• Haploid
• Flagella
• Large chloroplast is present
• May undergo sexual (loses flagella) or
asexual (zoospores) reproduction
REPRODUCTION IN LOWER PLANTS:
Spirogyra

• Free-floating algae
• Contains a row rectangular cells join
end-to-end
• Vegetative reproduction
(fragmentation) or sexual reproduction
(scalariform conjugation)
REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS
(Flowering Plants)

• Flower: basic reproductive unit

• Annuals: live for one year
• Biennials: live for two seasons
• Perennials: live for several years
• Monocarpic: perennial plants that
reproduce only once during their lifetime
and the die
 INITIATION OF FLOWERING
• Germination
• Young plant grows until it has a definite
shape and size
• Young or juvenile phase
• Plant completes vegetative growth
• Vegetative shoot apex transform into a
floral apex
• Flowering stage
FACTORS AFFECTING FLOWERING

• Photoperiodism (light)
• Vernalisation
(temperature)
• Gibberrelin
• Auxin
• Ethylene
 ANATOMY OF A FLOWERS

• Four whorls on a stalk (thalamus)

• Sepals comprise the calyx
• Petals comprise the corolla
• Outer whorls = accessory whorls
• Inner whorls = androecium (male)
gynoecium (female)
 Stamen, Microsporagia, and Pollen
Grain
• Stamen: contains anther with microsporagia
•Microsporagia: four pollen sacs supported by
filament
• Sporangium has prominent nucleus and
cytoplasm
• Also known as microspore mother cells
• Microsporangium has epidermis and tapetum •
Undergoes meiosis
• Has four haploid microspores