Conventions Date of Date Salient Provision/s

Adoption Enforced
1. Antarctic December June 23, Main objective: to ensure in the interests of all
Treaty System 1, 1959 1961 humankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be
used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not
become the scene or object of international discord.

ARTICLE I
Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only.

ARTICLE II
Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and
cooperation toward that end … shall continue.

ARTICLE III
Scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall
be exchanged and made freely available. Among the
signatories of the Treaty were seven countries -
Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand,
Norway and the United Kingdom - with territorial claims
, sometimes overlapping. Other countries do not
recognize any claims. The US and Russia maintain a
“basis of claim”. All positions are explicitly protected in
Article IV, which preserves the status quo:
Conventions Date of Date Salient Provision/s
Adoption Enforced

No acts or activities taking place while the

present Treaty is in force shall constitute a
basis for asserting , supporting or denying a
claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica
or create any rights of sovereignty in
Antarctica. No new claim, or enlargement of
an existing claim to territorial sovereignty in
Antarctica shall be asserted while the
present Treaty is in force.

ARTICLE VII
To promote the objectives and ensure the
observance of the provisions of the Treaty,
"All areas of Antarctica, including all
stations, installations and equipment within
those areas … shall be open at all times to
inspection "
 Conventions Date of Date Salient Provision/s
Adoption Enforced
2. The February 11, March 11, ARTICLE 1
Conservation of 1972 1978 Scope
the Antarctic (1) This Convention applies to the seas south of 60º South
Seals Latitude, in respect of which the Contracting Parties
affirm the provisions of Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty.
(2) This Convention may be applicable to any or all of the
following species: Southern elephant seal Mirounga
leonina, Leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx, Weddell seal
Leptonychotes weddelli, Crabeater seal Lobodon
carcinophagus, Ross seal Ommatophoca rossi, Southern fur
seals Arctocephalus sp. (3) The Annex to this Convention
forms and integral part thereof.

ARTICLE 2
Implementation
(1) The Contracting Parties agree that the species of
seals enumerated in Article 1 shall not be killed or
captured within the Convention area by their
nationals or vessels under their respective flags
except in accordance with the provisions of this
Convention.
(2) (2) Each Contracting Party shall adopt for its nationals
and for vessels under its flag such laws, regulations
and other measures, including a permit system as
appropriate, as may be necessary to implement this
Convention.
Conventions Date of Date Salient Provision/s
Adoption Enforced

ARTICLE 3
Annexed Measures
(1) This Convention includes an Annex specifying
measures which the Contracting Parties hereby adopt.
Contracting Parties may from time to time in the future
adopt other measures with respect to the conservation,
scientific study and rational and humane use of seal
resources, prescribing inter alia:
(a) permissible catch;
(b) protected and unprotected species;
(c) open and closed seasons;
(d) open and closed areas, including the designation of
reserves;
(e) the designation of special areas where there shall
be no disturbance of seals;
(f) limits relating to sex, size, or age for each species;
(g) restrictions relating to time of day and duration,
limitations of effort and methods of sealing;
(h) types and specifications of gear and apparatus and
appliances which may be used;
Conventions Date of Date Salient Provision/s
Adoption Enforced

(i) catch returns and other statistical and

biological records;
(j) procedures for facilitating the review and
assessment of scientific information;
(k) other regulatory measures including an
effective system of inspection.
(2) The measures adopted under paragraph
(1) of this Article shall be based upon the best
scientific and technical evidence available.
(3) The Annex may from time to time be
amended in accordance with the procedures
provided for in Article 9. A
 Conventions Date of Date Salient Provision/s
Adoption Enforced
3. The Commission 1 August 7 April Article I
for the 1980 1982 1. This Convention applies to the Antarctic marine
Conservation of living resources of the area south of 60° South latitude and
Antarctic Marine to the Antarctic marine living resources of the area
Living Resources between that latitude and the Antarctic Convergence
(CCAMLR) which form part of the Antarctic marine ecosystem.

Article II
1. The objective of this Convention is the
conservation of Antarctic marine living resources.
2. For the purposes of this Convention, the term
‘conservation’ includes rational use.
3. Any harvesting and associated activities in the area
to which this Convention applies shall be conducted in
accordance with the provisions of this Convention and with
the following principles of conservation:
(a) prevention of decrease in the size of any harvested
population to levels below those which ensure its stable
recruitment. For this purpose its size should not be
allowed to fall below a level close to that which ensures
the greatest net annual increment;
Conventions Date of Date Salient Provision/s
Adoption Enforced

(b) maintenance of the ecological relationships

between harvested, dependent and related
populations of Antarctic marine living resources and
the restoration of depleted populations to the levels
defined in sub-paragraph (a) above; and
(c) prevention of changes or minimization of the
risk of changes in the marine ecosystem which are not
potentially reversible over two or three decades,
taking into account the state of available knowledge
of the direct and indirect impact of harvesting, the
effect of the introduction of alien species, the effects
of associated activities on the marine ecosystem and
of the effects of environmental changes, with the aim
of making possible the sustained conservation of
Antarctic marine living resources.
 Conventions Date of Date Salient Provision/s
Adoption Enforced
4. Protocol on October 4, January • Article 3 states that protection of the Antarctic
Environmental 1991 14, 1998 environment as a wilderness with aesthetic and
Protection to scientific value shall be a "fundamental consideration"
the Antarctic of activities in the area.
Treaty • Article 7 states that "Any activity relating to mineral
also known as resources, other than scientific research, shall be
the Antarctic- prohibited." This provision contrasts with the
Environmental rejected Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic
Protocol Mineral Resource Activities, which would have allowed
(Madrid Protocol) mining under the control and taxation of an
international managing body similar to
the International Seabed Authority.
• Article 8 requires environmental assessment for all
activities, including tourism.
• Article 11 creates a Committee for Environmental
Protection for the continent.
• Article 15 calls for member states to be prepared for
emergency response actions in the area.
• Articles 18-20 arrange for arbitration of international
disputes regarding Antarctica.
• Article 25(5) states that the Article 7 ban on mining
may not be repealed unless a future treaty establishes
a binding regulatory framework for such activity.
SOURCES:

https://www.ccamlr.org/en/organisation/camlr-convention-
text
http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/entri/texts/acrc/cramra.txt
.html
BULANON | CABATINGAN | RAMAS | SALUBRE
AB POSC LPS 4