Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Methodology
Week 7
Learning Outcomes
Introduction to quantitative research
1. Research philosophy (Positivism/Interpretivism)
2. Research approach (deductive/Inductive)
3. Research strategy (Survey)
4. Time Horizon (longitudinal/cross sectional)
5. Data (primary/secondary)
6. Sources and methods of data collection
7. Sampling and population (introduction)
What’s out What and how How can Which precise Which data
there to can we know we go about procedures Can we
know? about it? acquiring that can we use to collect?
The study Knowledge knowledge? acquire it?
of what’s what is
‘out there’, assumed to
what exists, exist can be
what’s real. known‟
(Blaikie, 2000 (Daniel & Harland, 2017, p.36 – after Grix, 2002)
5. The effects are then evaluated, defined, and diagnosed, and the
research continues on an ongoing basis until the problem is fully
resolved.
Thus, action research is a constantly evolving project with interplay
among problem, solution, effects or consequences, and new solution.
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides Dr Jugindar Singh
Grounded theory
Grounded Theory is an approach for developing theory that
is "grounded in data systematically gathered and
analyzed" (Strauss & Corbin, 1994).
• Helps to predict and explain behaviour
• Develops theory from data generated by observations
• Is an interpretative process, not a logico-deductive one
Ethnography is the study of human behavior in its most natural and typical
context
Longitudinal Studies
The researcher might want to study people or phenomena at
more than one point in time in order to answer the research
question.
Eg: To study employees‘ behavior before and after a change in
the top management, so as to know what effects the change
accomplished. Data are gathered at two different points in time.
SECONDARY DATA:
Data that is collected from secondary sources such as
reports, newspapers etc
4. Describe the scaling methods used and state the reasons for
choosing them
Types of questionnaire
If pilot testing was done, state the reliability and validity testing
results and what amendments done to questionnaire
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides Dr Jugindar Singh
Data Collection: Qualitative vs Quantitative
Approaches
Qualitative
• Focus Group
• Interview
• Case Study
• Participant observation
• Secondary data analysis
Quantitative
• Surveys
• Experiments
• Structured observation
• Secondary data analysis
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides Dr Jugindar Singh
Observation
• Intensive, usually long term, examination of a social
group, an organization, etc.
40
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides Dr Jugindar Singh
Surveys
• A survey involves data
collection from a large number
of respondents using a
predesigned questionnaire.
• Four basic survey methods:
– Telephone survey
– Self Administered – mail/e-mail
– Person-administered surveys
(distribute and collect)
4- Sample size
Sample size to represent the population
STUDY POPULATION
• Population : All APU students
10,000
TARGET POPULATION
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides Dr Jugindar Singh
Ethical Considerations
• Ethical conduct
• Obligation to reduce bias
• Do not misrepresent data
• Privacy
• Commitment to research
• Plagiarism
• Falsification
Example
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides Dr Jugindar Singh
Tutorial
1. Working in groups, read the attached
sample of research (or any other past
research) and explain the
methodology used.
• Research philosophy
• Research Approach
• Research Purpose
• Research
State strategy Methodology
your Research
• Choice of research
• Time Horizon
• Population and sampling
• Instruments/Questionnaire
• Procedures/Data Collection
• Data Analysis
Module Code and Module Title Title of Slides Dr Jugindar Singh
Tutorial
1. Working in groups, read the attached
sample of research (or any other past
research) and explain the
methodology used.
• Research philosophy
• Research Approach
• Research Purpose
• Research
State strategy Methodology
your Research
• Choice of research
• Time Horizon
• Population and sampling