Mechanical Vibrations

Dr. I Gusti Ketut Puja

 Mechanical Vibrations
Prerequisites / Textbook
• Enginering Math
• Statics and Dinamics

Required Textbook:
• Theory of Vibration with Applications – William T. Thomson
• Mechanical Vibrations – William W. Seto
 Evaluation
• Weekly Homework sets
- Problems assigned weekly.
- Late homework will not be accepted unless prior arrangements have been made
with the instructor.
- Consulting with your peers is allowed so long as it is done responsibly.

• Exam (UTS, Quizzes)

• Final Exam
• Grades in the course will be decided with the following
weighting:
• – Homework Sets 20%
• – In-Class Hour Exam 20%
• – Quizzes 20%
• – Projects 15%
• – Cumulative Final Exam 25%
 Outline
 What is Vibration?
 Why is Vibration Important?
 Basic Concepts
 Modeling Vibration
 Resonance
 Vibration Absorbers
 Mode Shapes
What is Vibration?
 What is Vibration?

 Scientific Definition
Any motion that repeats itself after an
interval of time
 What is Vibration?

 Scientific Definition
Any motion that repeats itself after an
interval of time

 Engineering Definition
Deals with the relationship between forces
and oscillatory motion of bodies
 What is Vibration?

 Scientific Definition
Any motion that repeats itself after an
interval of time

 Engineering Definition
Deals with the relationship between forces
and oscillatory motion of bodies

Mechanical
Systems
Vibration…

It is also an
everyday
phenomenon we
meet on
everyday life
 Vibration …
Useful Vibration Harmful vibration
Compressor
Noise
Testing

Destruction

Wear
Ultrasonic
cleaning

Fatigue
 Vibration parameters
All mechanical systems
can be modeled by
containing three basic
components:
spring, damper, mass

When these components are subjected to constant force,

they react with a constant
displacement, velocity and acceleration
Why is Vibration Important?
The Tacoma Narrows
Bridge Disaster

November 7, 1940
Why is Vibration Important?

Amplitude of oscillation reached 14 feet!

What was the cause?
 Vortex Shedding

…Caused Wind-Induced Vibration

 Watch these …
Bridge collapse:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw
Hellicopter resonance:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FeXjhUEXlc
Resonance vibration test:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV_UuzEznHs
Flutter (Aeordynamically induced vibration) :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhwLojNerMU
 Basic Concepts
Every object has:
 Frequencies at which it “likes” to vibrate

 Characteristic geometries of vibration

 Basic Concepts
Every object has:
 Frequencies at which it “likes” to vibrateç
Natural
Frequencies

 Characteristic geometries of vibration

Mode
Shapes
 Modeling Vibration

The Ingredients:
1 1. Inertia (stores kinetic energy)
2. Elasticity (stores potential energy)

Realistic Addition:
3. Energy Dissipation
 Modeling Vibration

The Ingredients:
1 1. Inertia (stores kinetic energy)
2. Elasticity (stores potential energy)
2
Realistic Addition:
3. Energy Dissipation
 Modeling Vibration

The Ingredients:
1 1. Inertia (stores kinetic energy)
2. Elasticity (stores potential energy)
2
Realistic Addition:
3 3. Energy Dissipation
 Modeling Vibration

The Ingredients:
1 1. Inertia (stores kinetic energy)
2. Elasticity (stores potential energy)

2 3 Realistic Addition:
3. Energy Dissipation
 Modeling Vibration
x
The Ingredients:
m 1. Mass, m
2. Stiffness, k

k c Realistic Addition:
3. Damping, c
 x

m
How is this
k c model useful?
 Basic Concepts
 Resonance
 Basic Concepts
 Resonance
 A vibration of large amplitude
 Occurs when an object is forced near its natural
frequency
 Resonance
 A vibration of large amplitude
 Occurs when an object is forced near its
natural frequency

Object
 Resonance
 A vibration of large amplitude
 Occurs when an object is forced near its
natural frequency

m x
e t

k c

Object Model
 Vibration Absorbers
 Used to eliminate vibration of an object




 Object
 (that vibrates too much)



 Vibration Absorbers
 Used to eliminate vibration of an object


 Vibration

 Absorber
 (‘absorbs’ vibration)




 Object
 (that vibrates too much)



 Vibration Absorbers
 Used to eliminate vibration of an object


 Vibration
Choose these to 
eliminate motion  Absorber
of object. 



 Object
 (that vibrates too much)



Vibration Absorbers
 Mode Shapes
“Characteristic Geometry” of Vibration
• Mode Shapes
• Resonance
• Natural Frequencies
 Mode Shapes
“Characteristic Geometry” of Vibration

EXAMPLE 1:

Stretched Membrane

Bongo Drums
 Mode Shapes
“Characteristic Geometry” of Vibration

EXAMPLE 1:

Bongo Drums More complex modes…

 Mode Shapes
“Characteristic Geometry” of Vibration

EXAMPLE 2:

Acoustic Guitar
 Mode Shapes
“Characteristic Geometry” of Vibration

EXAMPLE 2:

Acoustic Guitar Mode 1

 Mode Shapes
“Characteristic Geometry” of Vibration

EXAMPLE 2:

Acoustic Guitar Mode 2

 Mode Shapes
“Characteristic Geometry” of Vibration

EXAMPLE 2:

Acoustic Guitar Mode 3

 Mode Shapes
“Characteristic Geometry” of Vibration

EXAMPLE 2:

Acoustic Guitar More complex modes…

 Mode Shapes
“Characteristic Geometry” of Vibration

EXAMPLE 2:

Acoustic Guitar More complex modes…