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8051 vs Motorola 68HC11

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8051 Microcontrollers
Features:
• 8-bit data bus
• 16-bit address bus
• 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits
• 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).
• 3 internal and 2 external interrupts.
• Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.
• Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).
• 16-bit program counter and data pointer
Basic Pins
• PIN 9: PIN 9 is the reset pin which is used reset the microcontroller’s internal
registers and ports upon starting up. (Pin should be held high for 2 machine cycles.)
• PINS 18 & 19: The 8051 has a built-in oscillator amplifier hence we need to only
connect a crystal at these pins to provide clock pulses to the circuit.
• PIN 40 and 20: Pins 40 and 20 are VCC and ground respectively. The 8051 chip
needs +5V 500mA to function properly, although there are lower powered versions
like the Atmel 2051 which is a scaled down version of the 8051 which runs on +3V.
• PINS 29, 30 & 31: As described in the features of the 8051, this chip contains a
built-in flash memory. In order to program this we need to supply a voltage of +12V
at pin 31. If external memory is connected then PIN 31, also called EA/VPP, should
be connected to ground to indicate the presence of external memory. PIN 30 is
called ALE (address latch enable), which is used when multiple memory chips are
connected to the controller and only one of them needs to be selected. We will
deal with this in depth in the later chapters. PIN 29 is called PSEN. This is "program
select enable". In order to use the external memory it is required to provide the
low voltage (0) on both PSEN and EA pins.
Ports
There are 4 8-bit ports: P0, P1, P2 and P3.
• PORT P1 (Pins 1 to 8): The port P1 is a general purpose input/output port which
can be used for a variety of interfacing tasks. The other ports P0, P2 and P3 have
dual roles or additional functions associated with them based upon the context
of their usage.
• PORT P3 (Pins 10 to 17): PORT P3 acts as a normal IO port, but Port P3 has
additional functions such as, serial transmit and receive pins, 2 external interrupt
pins, 2 external counter inputs, read and write pins for memory access.
• PORT P2 (pins 21 to 28): PORT P2 can also be used as a general purpose 8 bit
port when no external memory is present, but if external memory access is
required then PORT P2 will act as an address bus in conjunction with PORT P0 to
access external memory. PORT P2 acts as A8-A15, as can be seen from fig 1.1
• PORT P0 (pins 32 to 39) PORT P0 can be used as a general purpose 8 bit port
when no external memory is present, but if external memory access is required
then PORT P0 acts as a multiplexed address and data bus that can be used to
access external memory in conjunction with PORT P2. P0 acts as AD0-AD7, as
can be seen from fig 1.1
Typical applications
• Used in a wide variety of control systems, telecom
applications, robotics as well as in the automotive
industry.
• By some estimations, 8051 family chips make up over 50%
of the embedded chip market.

Oscillator Circuits
• Requires the existence of an external oscillator circuit. The
oscillator circuit usually runs around 12MHz, although the
8051 is capable of running at a maximum of 40MHz.
• Each machine cycle in the 8051 is 12 clock cycles, giving an
effective cycle rate at 1MHz (for a 12MHz clock) to
3.33MHz (for the maximum 40MHz clock).
Data and Program Memory
• The 8051 Microprocessor can be programmed in PL/M, 8051 Assembly, C and a
number of other high-level languages. Many compilers even have support for
compiling C++ for an 8051.
• Program memory in the 8051 is read-only, while the data memory is
considered to be read/write accessible. When stored on EEPROM or Flash, the
program memory can be rewritten when the microcontroller is in the special
programmer circuit.

Program Start Address


• The 8051 starts executing program instructions from address 0x00 in the
program memory.

Direct Memory
• The 8051 has 256 bytes of internal addressable RAM, although only the first
128 bytes are available for general use by the programmer. The first 128 bytes
of RAM (from 0x00 to 0x7F) are called the Direct Memory, and can be used to
store data.
Special Function Register
The Special Function Register (SFR) is the upper area of addressable memory, from address
0x80 to 0xFF. A, B, PSW, DPTR are called SFR. This area of memory cannot be used for data or
program storage, but is instead a series of memory-mapped ports and registers. All port input
and output can therefore be performed by memory MOV operations on specified addresses in
the SFR. Also, different status registers are mapped into the SFR, for use in checking the status
of the 8051, and changing some operational parameters of the 8051.

General Purpose Registers


• The 8051 has 4 selectable banks of 8 addressable 8-bit registers, R0 to R7. This means that
there are essentially 32 available general purpose registers, although only 8 (one bank) can
be directly accessed at a time. To access the other banks, we need to change the current
bank number in the flag status register.

A and B Registers
• The A register is located in the SFR memory location 0xE0. The A register works in a similar
fashion to the AX register of x86 processors. The A register is called the accumulator, and by
default it receives the result of all arithmetic operations. The B register is used in a similar
manner, except that it can receive the extended answers from the multiply and divide
operations. When not being used for multiplication and Division, the B register is available as
an extra general-purpose register.
Motorola 68HC11
Block Diagram of 68HC11
• The ports have arrows running in both directions (ports A, C, and D) are bidirectional,
meaning that they can be used for either input or output.
• Each port contains eight data bits, making it equivalent to one byte of data. Each data
bit is mapped to a physical pin on the microprocessor package. This means that when
data is written to a particular output port, that data appears as voltage levels on the
real pins connected to that port. In this way, the 68HC11 can interface with external
devices.
• In many cases, ports may contain a mixture of pins used for either input or output. In
other cases, particular pins in a port are dedicated to a specific function.
• Below is a brief description of each port on the diagram.
• Port A: Digital, bidirectional port that implements special timer and counter
circuitry. The timers can be used to generate waveforms of varying
frequencies; the counters can be used to count certain events (like rising edges of
signal) on the input lines.
• Port B: Digital port that may be used for output only.
• Port C: Digital, bidirectional port. Its default state is for input.
• Port D: Bidirectional port dedicated to serial input and output functions. Two of
these pins are used for communications with a host comp.
• Port E: Analog input port.
68HC11 E-Series Block Diagram
Pin Assignment
The typical E-series HC11 comes in a 52-pin (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier) PLCC socket
(there are some older DIP versions, but they are rarely used).
VDD and VSS
• Power is supplied to the MCU through VDD and VSS. The
MCU operates from a single 5-volt (nominal)power
supply. Low-voltage devices in the E series operate at 3.0–
5.5 volts.
• Very fast signal transitions occur on the MCU pins. The
short rise and fall times place high, short duration current
demands on the power supply.
• To prevent noise problems, provide good power supply
bypassing at the MCU. Also, use bypass capacitors that
have goodhigh-frequency characteristics and situate them
as close to the MCU as possible. Bypass requirements
vary, depending on how heavily the MCU pins are loaded.
RESET
• A bidirectional control signal, RESET, acts as:
- an input to initialize the MCU to a known startup state.
- an open-drain output to indicate that an internal failure has been detected in
either the clock monitor or computer operating properly (COP) watchdog
circuit.
• The CPU distinguishes between internal and external reset conditions by
sensing whether the reset pin rises to a logic 1 in less than two E-clock cycles
after a reset has occurred.

Crystal Driver and External Clock Input (XTAL and EXTAL)


• These two pins provide the interface for either a crystal or a CMOS compatible
clock to control the internal clock generator circuitry. The frequency applied to
these pins is four times higher than the desired E-clock rate.
• The XTAL pin must be left unterminated when an external CMOS compatible
clock input is connected to the EXTAL pin. The XTAL output is normally
intended to drive only a crystal.
E-Clock Output (E)
• E is the output connection for the internally generated E clock. The signal
from E is used as a timing reference. The frequency of the E-clock output
is one fourth that of the input frequency at the XTAL and EXTAL pins.
• When E-clock output is low, an internal process is taking place. When it is
high, data is being accessed. All clocks, including the E clock, are halted
when the MCU is in stop mode. To reduce RFI emissions, the E-clock
output of most E-series devices can be disabled while operating in single-
chip modes. The E-clock signal is always enabled on the MC68HC811E2.

Interrupt Request (IRQ)


• The IRQ input provides a means of applying asynchronous interrupt
requests to the MCU. Either negative edge-sensitive triggering or level-
sensitive triggering is program selectable (OPTION register). IRQ is always
configured to level-sensitive triggering at reset. When using IRQ in a level-
sensitive wired-OR configuration, connect an external pullup resistor,
typically 4.7 kΩ, to VDD.
Non-Maskable Interrupt (XIRQ/VPPE)
• The XIRQ input provides a means of requesting a non-maskable interrupt
after reset initialization. During reset, the X bit in the condition code
register (CCR) is set and any interrupt is masked until MCU software
enables it. Because the XIRQ input is level-sensitive, it can be connected
to a multiple-source wired-OR network with an external pullup resistor to
VDD. XIRQ is often used as a power loss detect interrupt.
• Whenever XIRQ or IRQ is used with multiple interrupt sources each
source must drive the interrupt input with an open-drain type of driver to
avoid contention between outputs.

MODA and MODB (MODA/LIR and MODB/VSTBY)


• During reset, MODA and MODB select one of the four operating modes:
• Single-chip mode
• Expanded mode
• Test mode
• Bootstrap mode
VRL and VRH
• These two inputs provide the reference voltages for the analog-to-digital
(A/D) converter circuitry:
• VRL is the low reference, typically 0 Vdc.
• VRH is the high reference.
• For proper A/D converter operation:
• VRH should be at least 3 Vdc greater than VRL.
• VRL and VRH should be between VSS and VDD.

STRA/AS
• The strobe A (STRA) and address strobe (AS) pin performs either of two
separate functions, depending on the operating mode:
• In single-chip mode, STRA performs an input handshake (strobe input)
function.
• In the expanded multiplexed mode, AS provides an address strobe function.
• AS can be used to demultiplex the address and data signals at port C.
STRB/R/W
• The strobe B (STRB) and read/write (R/W) pin act as either an output strobe or as a data bus
direction indicator, depending on the operating mode.
• In single-chip operating mode, STRB acts as a programmable strobe for handshake with other
parallel devices.
• In expanded multiplexed operating mode, R/W is used to indicate the direction of transfers on
the external data bus. A low on the R/W pin indicates data is being written to the external data
bus. A high on this pin indicates that a read cycle is in progress. R/W stays low during
consecutive data bus write cycles, such as a double-byte store.
• It is possible for data to be driven out of port C, if internal read visibility (IRV) is enabled and an
internal address is read, even though R/W is in a high-impedance state.

Port Signals
• Port pins have different functions in different operating modes. Pin functions for port A, port D,
and port E are independent of operating modes.
• Port B and port C, however, are affected by operating mode.
• Port B provides eight general-purpose output signals in single-chip operating modes. When the
microcontroller is in expanded multiplexed operating mode, port B pins are the eight high-
order address lines.
• Port C provides eight general-purpose input/output signals when the MCU is in the single-chip
operating mode. When the microcontroller is in the expanded multiplexed operating mode,
port C pins are a multiplexed address/data bus.

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