1.

Introduction
An Introduction to Genetic Engineering
Third Edition
Desmond S. T. Nicholl 2008
 Learning Outcome (LO)
LO 01: defining genetic engineering
LO 02: naming other terms for genetic engineering
LO 03: naming the application of genetic engineering
LO 04: naming steps in gene cloning and defining the term “clone”
LO 05: explaining stages in the development of genetic engineering
LO 06: explaining the applications of genetic engineering that result in
ethical issue
1.1 What is genetic engineering?
the process of isolating a desired gene from the
DNA of one organism and transferring it to the
DNA of another organism
4 5

A
+ = strawberry
Arctic fish strawberry resistant to
DNA frost

LO 01: defining genetic engineering

 Beberapa istilah lain yang digunakan untuk
menggambarkan teknologi ini

kloning gen
teknologi DNA rekombinan
modifikasi genetik
genetika baru

LO 02: naming other terms for genetic engineering

 The genetic resource can be manipulated in
various ways to achieve certain goals in both pure
and applied science and medicine
 gene structure and function
 genome analysis by DNA sequencing
 production of useful proteins by novel methods
 generation of transgenic plants and animals
 medical diagnosis and treatment
 analysis of scene-of-crime samples,
 paternity disputes,
 generation of transgenic plants and animals
 the biotechnology industry.

LO 03: naming the application of genetic engineering

 ‘CLONE’ : the colonies of
identical host cells
produced during
amplification of the cloned
fragments.

Gene cloning is sometimes

referred to as ‘molecular
cloning’ to distinguish the
process from the cloning of
whole organisms.

Fig. 1.1 The four steps in a gene

cloning experiment

LO 04: naming steps in gene cloning and defining the term “clone”
1.2 Laying the foundations
the principles of inheritance
and genetic mapping

DNA as a genetic material

the structure of DNA

the complete genetic

code

LO 05: explaining stages in the development of genetic engineering

1.3 First steps
In the late 1960s, scientists working in the field
of molecular biology was a sense of frustration

by technical constraints to investigate

the gene in more detail

Gene manipulation to become a reality

In 1967: the enzyme DNA ligase (molecular glue)

in 1970: the first restriction enzyme (molecular scissors)

LO 05: explaining stages in the development of genetic engineering

 The first recombinant DNA
molecules were generated at
Stanford University in 1972

The methodology was extended in

1973 by joining DNA fragments to the
plasmid pSC101

LO 05: explaining stages in the development of genetic engineering

 This development marked the emergence of the technology that
became known as gene cloning (Fig. 1.3).

Fig. 1.3 Cloning DNA

fragments. (a) The source DNA
is isolated and fragmented into
suitably sized pieces. (b) The
fragments are then joined to a
carrier molecule or vector to
produce recombinant DNA
molecules. In this case, a plasmid
vector is shown. (c) The
recombinant DNA molecules are
then introduced into a host cell (a
bacterial cell in this example) for
propagation as clones.

LO 05: naming steps in gene cloning and defining the term “clone”
 The use of not just to the
transgenic plants scientist,
and animals,
investigation of the
human genome,
but
gene therapy, and to the population
many other topics as a whole.
are of concern….

Taking all the potential • benefit of mankind

costs and benefits into • avoid the misuse

LO 06: explaining the applications of genetic engineering that result in ethical

issues