ANATOMI KEPALA DAN LEHER

Oleh:
Abdullah putra perdana
PPDS ILMU BEDAH FK ULM 2017
KEPALA
• Skull comprised of
• Facial bones
• Cranium
• Vault for the brain
• Strong, light, rigid, spherical bone
• Unyielding to increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
• Bones
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal
• Ethmoid
• Sphenoid
• Structure
• Facial Bones
• Zygoma
• Prominent bone of the cheek
• Protects eyes
• Attachment for muscles controlling eye and jaw movement
• Maxilla
• Upper jaw
• Supports the nasal bone
• Provides lower border of orbit
• Mandible
• Jaw bone
• Nasal bones
• Skull
• Other Structures
• Foramen Magnum
• Largest opening of the skull
• Spinal cord exits
• Cribriform Plate
• Inferior aspect (base)
• Rough surface
• Brain can be easily injured
• Abrasion
• Contusion
• Laceration
Base of the skull
• Meninges
• Protective mechanism for the CNS
• Dura Mater
• Layers
• Outer: Cranium’s inner periosteum
• Inner: Dural layer
• Between: Dural sinuses
• Venous drains for brain
• Provides continuous connective tissue
• Forms partial structural divisions
• Falx cerebri
• Tentorium cerebelli
• Large arteries above
• Provide blood flow to the surface of the brain
• Meninges
• Pia Mater
• Closest to brain and spinal cord
• Delicate tissue
• Covers all areas of brain and spinal cord
• Very vascular
• Supply superficial areas of brain
• Arachnoid Membrane
• “Spider-like”
• Covers inner dura
• Suspends brain in cranial cavity
• Collagen and elastin fibers
• Subarachnoid space beneath
• CSF
• Cushions brain
• Brain
• Occupies 80% of cranium
• Comprised of 3 major structures
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem
• High metabolic rate
• Receives 15% of cardiac output
• Consumes 20% of body’s oxygen
• Requires constant circulation
• IF blood supply stops:
• Unconscious within 10 seconds
• Death in 4–6 minutes
The Meninges and Skull
Ventricles of the Brain
Anatomy of The Neck
Anatomy of the Neck
• Vasculature of the Neck
• Carotid Arteries
• Arise from
• RIGHT: Brachiocephalic artery
• LEFT: Aorta artery
• Split
• Internal and external carotid arteries
• Upper border of the larynx
• Carotid bodies and sinuses located
• Bodies: Monitor CO2 and O2 levels
• Sinuses: Monitor blood pressure
Carotid Arteries

Bledsoe et al.,
Paramedic Care
Principles & Practice
Volume 4: Trauma
© 2006 by Pearson
Education, Inc. Upper
Saddle River, NJ
• Jugular Veins
• External
• Superficial, lateral to the trachea
• Internal
• Sheath with the carotid artery and vagus nerve

Bledsoe et al.,
Paramedic Care
Principles & Practice
Volume 4: Trauma
© 2006 by Pearson
Education, Inc. Upper
Saddle River, NJ
Jugular Veins

Bledsoe et al.,
Paramedic Care
Principles & Practice
Volume 4: Trauma
© 2006 by Pearson
Education, Inc. Upper
Saddle River, NJ