SUPER

CONDUCTIVITY
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CONTENT!

1. Super conductivity
2. The discovery of superconductors
3. Floating Phenomena
(The Meissner effect)
4. BCS THEORY
5. Application of super conductor
RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS:
THE DISCOVERY OF
SUPERCONDUCTORS :

• In 1911, while the Dutch scientist Heck

Camarlene Onis measured the electrical
resistance of pure mercury at the helium
temperature, it was found that the electrical
resistance of mercury collapses and falls to
less than 0.00001 ohms (approximately
zero) as shown in Figure 1. So Onis called
this phenomenon superconductivity
because the electrical conductivity reaches
infinity at this degree.
SUPER CONDUCTIVITY:
• Superconductivity is a
phenomenon that occurs in some
materials when cooled to very low
temperatures, where
superconductors allow electricity to
pass through without any electrical
resistance.
• temperature at which the material
is transformed from the normal
state to the supercritical
temperature is also called Tc.
SUPERCONDUCTORS:
FLOATING PHENOMENA
(THE MEISSNER EFFECT)
The Meissner effect is the phenomenon of the expulsion of a superconducting object by
a magnetic field. This effect was discovered by German physicists Walter Messner and
Robert Oschenfeld in 1933, when they measured the distribution of electricity in a
small sample chilled with lead and subject to a magnetic field.
(THE MEISSNER EFFECT)
BCS
THEORY:
BCS THEORY:
• It was proposed by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer in 1957; they received the Nobel Prize in
Physics for this theory in 1972 ,to explain the behavior of superconducting materials.
• Cooper had discovered that electrons in a superconductor are grouped in pairs, now called
Cooper pairs. This process occurs as a result of the interaction of the electron with the crystal
lattice, which works to make one of the electrons as if surrounded by a barrier of positive
charges to be much larger than the negative charges possessed by the second electron. As a
superconductor is warmed, its Cooper pairs separate into individual electrons, and the material
becomes normal,
BCS THEORY:
“APPLICATION OF SUPER
CONDUCTOR”
(MRI) DEVICE

1. Superconductors
are used to make
very powerful
electric magnets
such as those used
in magnetic
resonance imaging
(MRI) device
SUPER TRAINS.
• The design of these trains was built on
the phenomenon of magnetic
evaporation so that the wheels of trains
made of superconducting materials float
on very high magnets. Thus, there is no
friction between the wheels of trains and
bars, which helps to increase the speed
of trains and so called the floating or
super trains.
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