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Conteúdo
Introdução
Descrição do Equipamento
Critério de Seleção
Processo de Seleção do
Equipamento
Conclusão
Revisão
7
Escavadeira Hidráluca (HMS)
Upper
Attachment
Lower
Typical HMS Deck Plan
Operator’s Cab
Engine Valves
Pump Drive
Pumps
Hydraulic Reservoir
Fuel Tank
Electric Mining Shovel (EMS)
Upper Attachment
Lower
Typical EMS Deck Plan
Hoist Gearcase
Swing Gearcase
Operator’s Cab
Electrical
Hoist Drum
Cabinets Transformers
Ciclo de Trabalho
Coasting
Decelerating
Dumping
Critérios de Seleção
Técnico
Operacional
Características do Depósito
Escavação e Carregamento
Produtividade
Manutenção
Impacto Ambiental
Considerações Comerciais
Technical
Adaptabilidade a Temperatura
Ambiente
Prioridade: Alta
Atributos EH Atributos EC
A viscosidade do fluido Motores podem trabalhar
hidráulico varia com a em temperaturas de –50 ºC
mudança de temperatura a +55 ºC
Baixa temperatura do fluido Mundanças na viscosidade
pode parar a máquina do fluido tem impacto
Alta temperatura pode mínimo no desempenho da
EC
acelerar desgate dos
componentes
EC é mais adaptável a
temperaturas extremas.
Technical
Força de Escavação
Prioridade: Alta
Atributos EH
Gera forças de escavação através do
cilíndro (força de empurrão) e força de
desagregação via cilindro da caçamba
Atributos EC
Atributos EC
Mesma força em bancos altos
ou baixos
Capaz de manter escavação
profunda e fluxo de material A EC é mais capaz de
em todos os tipos de consistentemente gerar uma alta
força de escavação.
escavaçãp
Technical
Atributos da Atributos EC
EH
Tem pressão estática de Alta pressão estática de
rolamento relativamente baixa rolamento
46 j3 (35.2 m3) 225.8kPa Equipamentos opcionais
(32.8psi) oferecem baixa pressão
estática de rolamento
46 j3 (35.2 m3) 424.0kPa
(61.5psi)
EMS
Attributes
Assembly typically takes 30-70
days
Larger and more skilled crew
required The hydraulic mining shovel has
an advantage when It comes to
erection time and crews.
Technical
Peso do Equipamento
Prioridade: Alta
Atributos EH Atributos EC
Projetada para minimizar Projeto robusto
peso estrutural baixa durabilidade, estabilidade e
pressão e maior mobilidade longevidade
Menor peso menor vida útil Pesa mais que a EH para
uma igual capacidade
Mobilidade
Prioridade: Muito Alta
Atributos EH
Menor e mais leve
Relativamente rápida e maior
mobilidade
Propusoures longos podem causar
superaquecimento
Atributos EC
Corpo robusto e estrutura
pesada
HMS EMS
Attributes
Offers the option of either Attributes
Only option available is an
diesel or electric power electronic drive system
matched with AC or DC
electric mining duty motors
EMS
Attributes
Requires power substations
Requires cable support infrastructure
The absence of trail cables on most
hydraulic shovels allows them
greater mobility and flexibility.
Technical
EMS
Attributes
Long life and modular design
allow for retrofits
New technology upgrades are
offered in modular packages The EMS has a much longer life
expectancy, with a flexible design
that is adaptable to upgrades and
new technology.
Technical
Trail Cable
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Most HMS are diesel powered
and do not have trail cables
The few electric powered HMS
do have trail cables
EMS
Attributes
All EMS are equipped with trail
cables to provide electrical power
Trail cables must be inspected All EMS are equipped with trail
and maintained cables, whereas most HMS are not.
Machine Operation
Cab Location
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Typically located on the left side
of the machine
Located on the engine level
9.55 m
8.06 m
EMS
Attributes
Typically located on the right
side of the machine
Located high above the mine The high position of the electric
floor, providing better visibility of mining shovel cab provides greater
haul trucks visibility and an added sense of
security for the operator.
Machine Operation
Attributes
Seven steps are typically required 5
to position and fill a bucket 1 2 3
4
EMS 3
Attributes
Four steps are typically required 1 2
to position and fill a dipper
Swing Swing
Left Right
Ergonomics HMS
Operator’s
Priority: High Cab
HMS
Machinery
Attributes
Typically mounted on an Deck
extension of the machinery deck
Machinery
Deck
Cab is located near sources of EMS
noise and vibration Elevated
Operator’s
Cab
EMS
Attributes
Isolated above and in front of the
machinery deck and house
Spacious cab with floor to
ceiling glass for increased The elevated and isolated
visibility operator’s cab on the EMS provides
a quieter environment and
contributes to higher productivity.
Machine Operation
EMS
Attributes
Has greater boom reach
Numerous digging cycles can
be executed before
repositioning is required, The HMS uses propel more often
resulting in minimized work during the digging cycle for
cycle time repositioning, increasing wear on
crawler system components.
Machine Operation
Visibility
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Has floor-to-ceiling visibility
through the front window of the
operator’s cab
EMS
Attributes
Operator is in a high location
with a clear view of the working
face in front and the mine floor
below Due to the higher location and
greater distance from the digging
face, the operator of the EMS has
a visibility advantage.
Geology and Deposit Characterization
Bench Height
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Has a specified height reach that
is comparable to an EMS
Must work closer to the face due
to a much shorter digging range
EMS
Attributes
Has a higher boom point sheave
height and cutting height of dipper
teeth
Greater horizontal reach The size, attachment design, and
digging radius of the EMS make it
better suited for high benches.
Geology and Deposit Characterization
EMS
Attributes
Begins its digging cycle at the
lowest toe point of the mining
face
The hydraulic mining shovel is
better suited for digging material
layer by layer, but this not typically
required in HPLC operations.
Geology and Deposit Characterization
EMS Ancillary
Costs 4%
Attributes
Takes advantage of blasted
material with dipper placement
at the best spot
Most effective in benches It is more cost effective to spend
appropriately drilled and blasted time and money on drill and blast
activities than to use the loading
tool to pick away at layers.
Geology and Deposit Characterization
EMS
Attributes
Two motions are involved for
the operator to control the
cutting motion of the dipper up
a grade Both the HMS and EMS can follow
layers up a grade, but this in not
typically required in HPLC
operations.
Geology and Deposit Characterization
Material Abrasiveness
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Lighter weight of the bucket
makes it more susceptible to
wear when working with
material classified as hard
and very hard digging
EMS
Attributes
Features heavier dippers with
better wear protection for hard
and very hard digging
EMS dippers will perform better
in abrasive ground with less
downtime and lower maintenance
costs.
Geology and Deposit Characterization
HMS EMS
Attributes
Can dig in a variety of Attributes
Can dig into any mining
conditions, attacking the face face at the most suitable
at the most suitable point point, within reach of the
machine
Cycle Time
Priority: Very High
HMS
Attributes
Theoretical cycle times are from
25 to 45 seconds per cycle
EMS
Attributes
EMS cycle times are similar to
the HMS
Longer reach allows EMS to
The greater reach of the EMS
maintain an optimal swing arc
provides optimal swing arcs,
while minimizing propelling resulting in reduced overall
cycle times.
Digging and Loading
Debris Removal
Priority: Low
HMS
Attributes
Picking up debris from the
loading area is an easy task
EMS
Attributes
Can clean the mine floor, but
not optimal use for the machine
Ancillary equipment is often
used for clean-up while the Clean-up equipment is necessary
EMS remains productive for both the HMS and EMS in HPLC
operations.
Digging and Loading
EMS
Attributes
Crowd motion provides
capability to dig below ground
level and cut a downward The HMS has a slight advantage
ramp when digging downward ramps,
but it is typically not cost-effective
to use the primary loading tool in
this way.
Digging and Loading
Fill Factors
Priority: Very High
HMS Heaped
Attributes
Quote bucket capacity in “heaped”
standard per SAE 2:1 or 1:1 Struck
EMS Struck
Attributes
Quote dipper capacity in “struck”
standard
Dippers are well-suited to
provide maximum fill factors
in all materials
Digging and Loading
Floor Cleanup
Priority: Low
HMS
Attributes
Front end maneuverability
provides excellent fills on low
faces or piles
EMS
Attributes
Has a significant floor level
digging reach to remove
spillage
Both HMS and EMS have the
capability to remove spillage, yet
this ability is questionable for
HPLC mining operations.
Digging and Loading
EMS
Attributes
Has a floor level digging reach
approximately the same as an
HMS of comparable capacity
Both HMS and EMS are capable
of floor level digging, but HMS
can control the tooth angle of the
bucket for a straighter cut.
Digging and Loading
Material Discharge
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Measured discharge of bottom
dump buckets provides a
controlled flow to haul trucks
EMS
Attributes
Material being off-loaded from
the dipper slides down the
sloped dipper bottom into the
haul truck load box Both HMS and EMS discharge
material in a comparable fashion,
yet control is greater with a
hydraulic shovel.
Digging and Loading
Proximity to Face
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Low horizontal reach high in
the bank Bucket/Dipper Digging Radius
Capacity HMS EMS
More susceptible to hits from
33.0 yd3 (25.2m3) 16.5m 21m
falling bank sections and rocks 46.0 yd3 (35.2m3) 17.5m 24m
57.0 yd3 (43.6m3) 17.5m 24m
EMS
Attributes
Works effectively at a greater
distance from the bank face
The safety and ease of operation
Working position provides a provided by an EMS digging farther
better view for the operator from the bank face is often cited by
operators as the reason they prefer
this machine.
Digging and Loading
Reach
Priority: Very High
HMS EMS
Attributes
Has reach limitations that Attributes
Achieves more reach by
require the machine to work extending only the dipper
closer to the digging face and handle rather than the
entire attachment
Long reach enables the
machine to sit farther back
from the digging face
EMS
Attributes
Has the ability to rip upward
with the forward motion of the
hoist and the retract motion of
the crowd to remove floor Removal procedures for boulders
obstructions or toe sections are the same for
HMS and EMS (must be ripped or
pried upward).
Digging and Loading
HMS EMS
Attributes
Large rocks can easily and Attributes
Limited to the geometric
carefully be dumped into the size of the dipper as to the
haul truck size of the rock it can load
Truck Compatibility
Priority: Very High
HMS EMS
Attributes
Larger machines 46yd3 Attributes
Various capacity machines
(35m3) capacity match up well match up well with most
with smaller haulage units HPLC trucks, efficiently
and can 3-pass load 190-ton 3-pass loading 290 metric
and 205-ton trucks ton (320 US ton) trucks or
larger
Truck Loading
Priority: Very High
HMS EMS
Attributes
Propelling may be required to Attributes
Excellent operator visibility
properly discharge a load Large dipper capacities
make it ideal for single
back-up, double back-up, or
drive by loading methods
High truck spotting
tolerance range
Working Dimensions
Priority: High
HMS EMS
Attributes
Can work in relatively tight Attributes
Larger size places the
spaces operator higher up and
farther from the digging face
and haulage units
Longer reach provides
greater truck spotting
tolerance and visibility
) )
Operator Position
Tail Swing
Truck Truck
Spotting Spotting
Tolerance Tolerance
Productivity
Availability
Priority: Very High
HMS EMS
Attributes
Has improved availability Attributes
Has a proven availability
numbers nearing that of record in the 90%+ range
electric shovels well into its life
Fueling time typically not
counted as “downtime”
Capacity
Priority: Very High
HMS
Attributes
Continues to grow in physical
size and loading capacity as
technology advances Shovel Capacity Comparison
HMS EMS
Large machines can 5-pass Small 28.0 yd3 (21.4m3) 33.0yd3 (25.2m3)
load 290 metric ton (320 US Medium 33.0 yd3 (25.2m3) 46.0yd3 (35.2m3)
73.0yd3 (55.8m3)
ton) trucks Large 46.0 yd3 (35.2m3)
EMS
Attributes
Can 3-pass load 290 metric ton
(320 US ton) truck
Large machines, such as the P&H The EMS has much greater
4100XPB, produce approximately capacity, and the trend in HPLC
twice the output of large HMS mines is to use larger and more
efficient loading and hauling tools.
Productivity
Reliability
Priority: Very High
HMS EMS
Attributes
Has achieved reliable Attributes
Has proven to be highly
performance of about 90% reliable when digging in all
availability in easy and medium types of materials
digging materials
Becomes significantly less
reliable as digging becomes
harder
Ease of Maintenance
Priority: Very High
HMS
Attributes
Components are located in
replaceable modules
Hoses and tubes for hydraulic
fluids complicate servicing
Cool-down period required prior to
servicing
EMS
Attributes
Larger machine size and
modular component design
provide ample access space
Components conveniently Hydraulic shovels have hoses,
located to allow for rapid tubes, heat, fuel, oil discharge and
replacement safety issues that adversely affect
machine serviceability.
Maintenance
Fueling
Priority: Very High
HMS
Attributes
May consume up to 10,000
liters of diesel fuel per day
Daily fueling requires 20 to 30
minutes of machine downtime
EMS
Attributes
Requires no fueling downtime
since all power is supplied
through the trail cable
The 30 minutes or more of daily
downtime for fueling an HMS
equates to 2-4% downtime per year
(over 7 days) in an HPLC mine.
Maintenance
EMS
Attributes
Static nature of power and
control systems minimizes
component replacement
The EMS has few components
Slower gear case speeds and requiring scheduled replacement,
reliable electric motors reduce resulting in significant long-term
the need for component savings in downtime and
replacement component costs.
Maintenance
EMS
Attributes
Components are less sensitive
to the mining environment and
require minimal maintenance
Due to the sensitivity of hydraulic
Dust ingress by electric motors
systems to contamination from the
and systems is managed by normal dust and dirt in the mining
house filters and pressurized air environment, the HMS requires
systems more frequent maintenance.
Maintenance
Reliability Indicators
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Hydraulic pressure and fluids can
indicate reliability
The complexity and number of
components result in a certain
percentage that will fail without
warning
EMS
Attributes
Major components can be
precisely monitored using
predictive diagnostics
Technology includes vibration The use of predictive diagnostics
analysis, ultrasonic detection, and fewer moving parts provide the
infrared thermography, and electric mining shovel with a clear
electrical measurements advantage in reliability indicators.
Environmental Impact
Cleanliness
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Large quantities of fluids present
an ongoing cleanliness challenge
Fluid Disposal
Priority: High
HMS EMS
Attributes
Gear case oil in transmissions Attributes
Gear cases contain oil
must be replaced requiring periodic change
Uses engine oil, coolant and
hydraulic fluid, which must be
replaced frequently
EMS
Attributes
Consumes less energy, and
introduces considerably less
carbon dioxide into the
environment Electric mining shovels generate
significantly lower levels of
undesirable emissions.
Environmental Impact
Spillage
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Has thousands of liters of fuel
and hydraulic oil susceptible to HMS Fluid Reservoir Capacity
spillage (typical)
High pressure tubes and hoses Hydraulic Fluid 6,500 - 13,000 liter
are susceptible to failure Diesel Fuel 9,500 - 16,000 liter
Coolant 500 - 900 liter
Engine Oil 520-760 liter
EMS
Attributes
Uses sealed gear cases that
offer little danger of spillage
Large quantities of fluids, some
at high pressure, make hydraulic
shovels a high risk in
environmentally sensitive areas.
Commercial Considerations
Capital Cost
Priority: High
HMS 3rd HMS $7,000,000
Attributes
Largest size machines may cost HMS
EMS
Attributes
Largest size machines may cost
Years
US$9,000,000 or more
Higher price attributed to the While the initial cost of an EMS is
much greater use of steel higher than an HMS, the long-term
and electronic technology capital investment for an HMS is
Machine life over 20 years higher, due to replacement
intervals.
Commercial Considerations
HMS EMS
Attributes
Has a lower capital cost Attributes
Higher productivity and
Provides flexibility that may reliability
help reduce the cost per ton Longer life
Fuel Cost
Priority: Very High
HMS EMS
Attributes
Future cost of diesel fuel is Attributes
With a variety of methods
uncertain for electricity generation,
A 35m3 capacity HMS running power prices should remain
competitive
in Australia has an average
fuel cost 45% greater than a Electric power is typically
larger 56m3 capacity EMS cheaper in unit cost than
diesel fuel
Insurance Liability
Priority: High
HMS EMS
Attributes
Typically has several thousand Attributes
Has few, if any, combustible
liters of combustible liquids liquids onboard, making the
onboard risk of fire negligible
Under high heat or open flame Fire insurance rates are
conditions, liquids can ignite and significantly lower
cause safety issues or loss of
the machine
Machine Life
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Typically approaches the end of
its useful service life after
approximately seven years
(50,000 hours) of operation in
HPLC mines
EMS
Attributes
Renowned for its extremely
long life and typically operates
productively for 20 years or
more logging 100,000 plus The EMS has an overwhelming
hours advantage when it comes to
machine life, continuing to set
records for longevity.
Commercial Considerations
Manufacturers
Priority: Low
HMS EMS
Attributes
There are a number of HMS Attributes
There are only two electric
manufacturers mining shovel manufacturers
Some have global distribution Both have global support
and service networks organizations
Project Life
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Considered appropriate for
projects with lives of up to 7 or 8
years
Easier to transport to a new
project due to its smaller
physical size and lighter weight
EMS
Attributes
Considered appropriate for projects
with a life as short as 8 to 10 years
The EMS is the first choice for
Retains its value, resulting in long-term projects greater than
many good used machines that 7 or 8 years, and the used electric
can be applied to projects of less shovel market is a viable
than 8 years alternative for shorter projects.
Commercial Considerations
Project Risk
Priority: High
HMS EMS
Attributes
Small size used for aggregate Attributes
Offers a low level of project
loading and quarrying has proven risk due to its track record
to be a solid performer
over the past 50 years and
Larger machines for HPLC mining proven technology
operations require a much higher
level of technology and complexity, Provides greater confidence
creating a significant risk factor of achieving planned
production and cost targets
Relocation
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Smaller class can be transported
with minimal disassembly
Resale Value
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Lower price makes it somewhat
attractive in the used equipment
market
Shorter life makes it impractical
for many projects
EMS
Attributes
Robust design, high reliability, high
availability and upgradability
provide many opportunities in the
used equipment market A used electric mining shovel
provides the best value for an
HPLC mining operation.
Long life provides excellent ROI
on used EMS
Commercial Considerations
Support Infrastructure
Priority: Low
HMS EMS
Attributes
Requires a fuel truck and Attributes
May require extra dozer
service truck time to assist in floor clean-
May require a lighting plant up
for night work Requires service vehicles to
transport, pick up and
relocate trail cable
Technology Knowledge
Priority: High
HMS
Attributes
Smaller machines have access
to labor pools with appropriate
skills (used for infrastructure
projects, such as buildings and
roads throughout the world)
EMS
Attributes
Machines have been working in remote
regions supported by individuals with
limited technical skills for many years
Manufacturers provide customer
technical training on maintenance and There is no clear advantage with
repair either the HMS or EMS, as
specialized skills are required to
operate and maintain both.
Key Selection Variables