DC POWER DISTRIBUTION

6.13
DC POWER DISTRIBUTION

SOURCES OF POWER are

a. Engine driven DC driven

Generator.
b. External Power Unit
c. Transformer Rectifier
unit.
d. Battery
 DC POWER DISTRIBUTION

• The supply of DC main buses is achieved with 28 V DC from the generators

with the battery switched on.
• In the event of a complete failure of the system, the DC ‘Hot’ bus takes
over the supply of the emergency system
• Each generator has its own busbar.
• With both generators operating all consumers requiring d.c. power are
supplied.
• GENERATOR FAILURE
• In the event of that one generator should fail it is automatically isolated
from the respective busbar.
• All the bussbar loads are taken over by the operative generator.
• Should both generators fail,
• non-essential consumers can no longer be supplied.
• But the battery will automatically supply to power to essential services
• The d.c. supply for driving the inverters are taken from busbar
appropriately important to the a.c. consumers.
TRANSFORMER AND
PRINCIPLE 6.14
 TRANSFORMER
• A transformer is a device for converting a.c. to ac
at one frequency and voltage
• . It consists of three main parts:
• (i) an iron core which provides a circuit of low
reluctance for an alternating magnetic field
• (ii) a primary winding which is connected to the
main power source
• (iii) a secondary winding which receives electrical
energy by mutual induction from the primary
winding and delivers it to the secondary circuit.
• There are 2 classes of transformers,

a. Voltage or Power
transformers
b. Current transformers.
• Principle of operation
• Transformer Configuration
• Step Up Transformer – Deliver higher secondary voltage then the
primary
• Step Down Transformer – Deliver lower secondary voltage then the primary
 Circuit Connection
• Voltage transformers
The primary windings are in parallel with the
supply voltage;
• Current transformers
The primary windings of are connected in series.
A single-phase transformer
• Auto transformer
It consists of a single winding tapped to form
primary and secondary parts.
• Current transformers are used in many a.c.
generator regulation and protection systems
• These transformers have an input/output current
relationship which is inversely proportional to the
turns ratio of the primary and secondary
windings.
• The primary winding consist of passing a main
cable power system, through the core aperture.
The cable is wound with a single turn if it carries
high currents, and two or three turns if it carries
low currents. The operating principle is the same
as that of a conventional transformer.
• Typical Current transformer construction
• Contrary to the practice adopted for voltage transformers, whenever the
secondary windings of current transformers are disconnected from their
load circuits,
• terminals must be short-circuited together.
• If this is not done, a dangerous voltage may develop which may be
harmful to anyone accidentally touching the terminals, or may even cause
an electrical breakdown between the windings.
 AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Its circuit arrangement is
shown it consists of a
single winding tapped to
form primary and
secondary parts.
• The tappings provide a
stepped-up voltage
output, since the number
of primary turns is less
than that of the
secondary turns.
• Transformation can be connected in three type of connection
• From a single-phase supply or any one phase of the 3-phase
supply.
• Transformers for 3-phase circuits can be connected in one of
several combinations of the star and delta connections
depending on the requirements for the transformer.
• There are:
• A. Star Connection with three wires
• B. Star Connection with four wires
• C. Star and Delta Connection
 Interconnecting Star Connection
• When the connection is used in a
3-phase transformers for the
operation of three-phase
consumer equipment, the
transformer may be connected as
a three-phase system.

• If a single-phase loads have to be

powered from a three-phase
supply it is sometimes difficult to
keep them balanced, it is
therefore essential to provide a
fourth or neutral wire so that
connections of the loads may be
made between this wire and any
one of the three-phase lines
 Interconnecting Star –Delta
Connection
• The interconnection of neutral
points of two star windings is
sometimes undesirable because
this provides an external path for
the flow of certain harmonic
currents which can lead to
interference with radio
communications equipment.
• This is normally overcome by
connecting one of the two
transformers windings in delta
connection
• if the transformer is unbalanced
load, the primary winding is in
star and the secondary is in delta
 TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER UNITS
• Transformer Rectifier Unit–
purpose to convert 115/200 V
AC, 3-phase, 400 Hz to 28 V DC, 110
Amperes.
Construction
The Unit comprises of:
1. Transformer
a) Primary Winding – Star
winding
b) Secondary Winding – Star
and Delta windings.
2. Two sets of full wave bridge
rectifier.
3.Overheat warning circuits
a)Thermal Switch
b)Closes when temperature rise
approximately 150° – 200 ° C
4. Warning Light
Give warning in case of
overheating.
•
• TRU’s

• Transformer-rectifier
units (T.R.U.’s) are
combinations of static
transformers and
rectifiers,
• utilized in some a.c.
systems as secondary
supply units,
• also as the main
conversion units in
aircraft having rectified
a.c. power systems.
• operate on a regulated 3-phase input of 200
volts at a frequency of 400 Hz
• It provide a continuous d.c. output of 110 A
at approximately 28 volts.
• The circuit shows The unit consists of a
transformer and two 3-phase bridge rectifier
• rectifier assemblies mounted on separate
sections of the casing.
• The transformer has a conventional star-
wound primary winding and secondary
windings wound in star and delta.
• Each secondary winding is connected to
individual bridge rectifier assemblies made
up of six silicon diodes, and connected in
parallel.
• An ammeter shunt (dropping 50 mV at 100
A) is connected in the output side of the
rectifiers enable current taken from the main
d.c. output terminals to be measured .
• Cooling of the unit is by natural convection
through gauze-covered ventilation panels
• to give warning of over heating conditions,
thermal switches are provided at the
transformer and rectifier assemblies,
connected to independent warning lights.
• These switches are supplied with d.c. from
an external source their contacts close when
temperature conditions rise to approximately
150°C and 200°C.
 INVERTORS
• a.c. to power certain systems
Flight Instruments, Navigation
Receivers, in an emergency
• During emergency power is
supplied by aircraft batteries.
Aircraft Batteries only provide
d.c;
• therefore be provided AC
power,d.c is converted. to a.c.
This divice is called the inverter or
converter.
• Inverters are of 2 distinct types:-
• Rotary Inverter.
• Static Inverter.
PRINCIPLE OPERATION
Cooling of the inverter is done by means of a fan fitted at the slip ring end of the armature shaft.
The disadvantage of this type of inverter is that it is a rotating machine – therefore require regular
servicing and maintenance.
• The rotary inverter is simple
d.c. source generator i driven
by a motor. On the same shaft
of the motor, an a.c. generator
is mounted. They are
powered by a d.c. source and
have a.c. as an output.
The control box are separately
or mounted inside the
inverter housing.

• The size of the rotary inverter

varies with the required power
output approximately 150 VA
and a reactive Power Factor of
0.8 per phase and regulated a
carbon pile.

• The larger types may utilize

magnetic amplifiers.
 STATIC INVERTER
• Static inverters are electronic • A TYPICAL STATIC
devices containing an
oscillator and use transistor SCHEMATIC
switching techniques.
• Advantages of a static
inverters are:
They require less input
power,
Much quieter,
More efficient and
reliable.
They are self-contained
units having regulation
and protection circuit built
in.
Static inverters are
normally house in a
box with the input and
output connectors.
•