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ATMOSPHERE
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Moisture
• Water in the
atmosphere
• Maximum amount of
moisture depends on
temperature
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Humidity
• Relative humidity:
amount of water
relative to maximum
amount that can be
held by the air
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Dew point
• Temperature in which • High dew point means
water vapor in air at high relative humidity
constant barometric and vice versa
pressure condenses
into liquid water at the
same rate at which it
evaporates
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INSTRUMENTS
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CLIMATE
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Köppen climate classification

• Native vegetation is
the best expression of
climate
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GROUP A: Tropical/megathermal
• Entire year have
average temperatures
of 18ºC or above
• Average precipitation of
at least 60 mm
• May have wet season
and wetter season (or
wet and dry)
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GROUP B: Dry
• ACTEC much less
than POTET
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GROUP C: Temperate/mesothermal
• Average monthly
temperature varies,
above 10ºC in summer
and above -3ºC in
winter
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GROUP D: Continental/microthermal
• Average monthly
temperature varies,
above 10ºC in summer
and below -3ºC in
winter
• Occur in interior of
continents and on
upper-east coasts
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GROUP E: Polar
• Entire year have
average temperatures
below 10ºC
• Average precipitation of
at least 60 mm
• May have wet season
and wetter season (or
wet and dry)
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GROUP F: Mountain
• High altitudes another
factor
• Mountains differ
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TROPICAL CLIMATE
MOIST AND WARM!
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Six conditions for TC formation

1. Warm ocean waters (of at least 26.5 ° C) throughout a sufficient depth, around
50 m
2. An atmosphere in which temperatures decrease fast enough with height such
that it is potentially unstable to moist convection. It is the precipitating
convection typically in the form of thunderstorm complexes that allows the heat
stored in the ocean waters to be liberated for the tropical cyclone development.
3. A relatively moist mid-troposphere.
4. A minimum distance of around 500 km from the equator.
5. A pre-existing near-surface disturbance with sufficient vorticity and
convergence
6. Low magnitudes (less than about 10 ms -1) of vertical wind shear between the
ocean's surface and the upper troposphere
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