THE DISCOVERIES and

CONQUEST

By: Ms. Katrina Afable

FACTORS THAT LED TO THE COLONIZATION
 The remarkable changes brought about by the 15th and 16th
Century paved the way in shaping European society and
culture and opening the world to European expansionism.

 Western expansionism was a product of the growth of

industry and commerce, much improved geographical
knowledge and technology and the growing competition
between the two Iberian countries – Spain and Portugal.

 European demands for Oriental products like gold, silver,

sugar, milk, silk and spices brought about the development of
trade route.
FACTORS THAT LED TO… (CONT’D)
 The Venetian (first land traders to Asia) monopoly forced
the Europeans to look for an alternative route to Asia – the
sea route.

 The progressive advances in cartography and astronomy,

the use of compass and caravels (sailing ships) made
oceanic expeditions possible.
FACTORS THAT LED TO… (CONT’D)

1) The Development of Navigation

 King Henry VII (The Navigator) initiated the creation of
a school in navigation and invested in the modernization
of their ships and equipment for navigation.

 This navigation school encouraged voyagers to find a

way around Africa going to India.
FACTORS THAT LED TO… (CONT’D)

2) The Crusades
 The Holy War of the Christians to gain back Jerusalem
from the Muslim gave way to the meeting of the East and
the West. Thus, the people in Europe were able to gain
knowledge regarding the existence of the island in the
eastern part of the world.
FACTORS THAT LED TO… (CONT’D)

3) The Silk Road

 This was the trading route during the Han Dynasty
from China to Europe.

 Chinese products like silk, porcelain, jars, jade and

spices were able to reach Europe adding to the
excitement of the Europeans to launch exploration to the
lands in the east.
FACTORS THAT LED TO… (CONT’D)

4) The Book Written by Marco Polo about Cathay or China

 Marco Polo was able to travel to China during the time
of the Yuan Dynasty.

 Marco Polo was treated well by the emperor so in turn,

he wrote about the brilliance of Chinese culture and
products allowing Europe to ain knowledge about the
different lands in the east.
FACTORS THAT LED TO… (CONT’D)

5) The Expedition of Vasco de Gama to India

 The following navigators followed his routes and the
map he made in going to the east.

 He was able to reach Calicut, India and successfully

return to Portugal.
FACTORS THAT LED TO… (CONT’D)
6) The Rise of Mercantilism
 Mercantilism refers to the principle wherein the basis
of the power of the country was the amount of gold they
have. And since the Europeans believed that there was a
lot of gold in the east, they invested the exploration of
the different lands in the east.
EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONS
PORTUGAL’S EXPEDITIONS:
1. Bartholomew Diaz – successfully rounded the
southernmost tip of Africa (CAPE STORM) which was
later named as CAPE of GOOD HOPE

1. Vasco de Gama – rounded the cape and reached India

 winning the wealth and spices of the east
EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONS (CONT’D)
SPAIN’S EXPEDITIONS:
- founded on conquest and colonization rather than trade
1. Christopher Columbus – sent to discover a westward
route to India. He discovered the NEW WORLD.

1. Juan Ponce de Leon – discovered Florida while exploring

Puerto Rico in search of the fountain of youth

1. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa – discovered the Great South

Sea (Pacific Ocean)
EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONS (CONT’D)
 The Columbus expedition generated conflict between
Spain and Portugal hence, POPE ALEXANDER VI of Spain
in 1493 issued the Papal Bull.
 PAPAL BULL – imaginary demarcation line in the Atlantic
that divided the lands for Spain and Portugal.
 SPAIN – 100 leagues west of the Azores and the Cape
Verde Island
 PORTUGAL – 100 leagues east but they did not accept
this as they felt the Pope had biases for Spain
EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONS (CONT’D)
 TREATY of TORDESILLAS – an imaginary line was drawn
to divide the exploration 370 leagues west of the Azores
and the Cape Verde Islands
 SPAIN – Lands lying to the west (Western part of the
American continent and most of the unknown territories)
 PORTUGAL – Lands lying to the east (Africa, Asia and
Southern America)

 This treaty became the impetus for Spain to discover

westward route going to Asia.
MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION
 The objective of the expedition of Columbus is to
discover a sea route to Asia and to establish a trading
relations between Spain and Asia.

 The NEW WORLD was not a part of Asia hence was later
named America because of its explorer Amerigo
Vespucci.

 Because of the Treaty of Tordesillas, Spain felt the

urgent need to discover a westward route in going to
Asia.
MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION (CONT’D)
 Ferdinand Magellan studied the Moluccas (Spice Islands
located in between Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula)

 He was a Portuguese who offered his service to King

Carlos I of Portugal who refused him.

 He then went to King Charles of Spain who was

convinced and believed that he could reach the east
using the west.
MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION (CONT’D)
 Magellan familiarized himself with the new discoveries
and devoted his time in investigating a gateway from the
Atlantic to the South Pacific.

 On September 20, 1519, a fleet of five (5) ships led by

Ferdinand Magellan left San Lucas, Spain.
 Victoria, Santiago, Trinidad, Concepcion and San
Antonio with 235 men.
 ANTONIO PIGAFETTA served as the chronicler
 FR. PEDRO de VALDERRAMA served as a flee chaplain
CHALLENGES in MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION:
1) A mutiny was staged while anchored in Port San Julian.

1) While passing the southern part of Latin America to the

Pacific Ocean, they experienced a storm which
destroyed another ship. (Santiago)

2) One of the ships deserted and sailed back to Spain (San

Antonio).

3) Insufficient food, water and medicine added to the

restlessness of the crew.
MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION (CONT’D)
 After 3 months of long wait, Magellan and his crew
reached Guam on March 16, 1521. Here, the natives gave
them food and water. They named this place Island of
Sails initially but later changed it to Islas de Ladrones
(Island of Thieves) because the native stole the small
boats from Trinidad.

 Continuing to voyage westward, Magellan saw the

silhouette of the island of Samar and finally reached the
island of HOMONHON on March 18, 1521 with 150 crew
left.
MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION (CONT’D)
 The island of Homonhon was used to trading that when
the group landed on their shore bringing with them
different European products, they also brought out their
products and traded.

 The hospitality of the people from Homonhon was

misunderstood by Magellan that they wanted to accept
the foreign rule.

 Magellan continued his expedition and reached the island

of Limasawa, which was headed by RAJAH KOLAMBU.
MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION (CONT’D)
 Magellan and Kolambu entered into a blood compact
(sanduguan) as a sign of their friendship.

 On March 31, 1521, the first mass was celebrated on the

shores of Limasawa and the Spaniards gave the name
Archipelago of Saint Lazarus.

 Magellan and Kolambu set sail and reached Cebu were

they were welcomed by Rajah Humabon, the King of
Cebu. He was later baptized to Carlos and his wife was
named Juana.
BATTLE of MACTAN
 While Magellan was in Cebu, two local chieftains were in
conflict with each other: SULA and LAPU-LAPU. Sula then
asked for Magellan’s aid which he took it as an
opportunity to fight Lapu-Lapu because of his rejection of
Spanish sovereignty.

 Magellan and many of his soldiers were killed.

 This is the very first successful resistance against the

colonizers.
RETURN to SPAIN
 The Spaniards, who survived the Battle of Mactan, fled
back to Cebu to seek refuge to Rajah Humabon. But the
former allies showed enmity because of their abusive
attitude toward the natives as well as for raping the
Cebuano women.

 Concepcion was later abandoned due to many

casualties.

 Victoria and Trinidad continued to voyage to the west to

reach Moluccas. After reaching the said island, they filled
their ships with spices.
RETURN to SPAIN (CONT’D)
 After filling their ships with spices, Victoria and Trinidad
took separate routes causing Trinidad to be captured by
the Portuguese.

 Sebastian Del Cano who led Victoria to sail back to Spain

by passing through the Cape of Good Hope and across
the Atlantic to finally reach Spain in 1522.
SIGNIFICANCE of MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION
1) It proved that the earth was round. And that the oceans on
earth are interconnected.

2) They were able to discover an alternative trading route aside

from the land route monopolized by the Venetians. This is
known as the SEA ROUTE.

3) It gave rise to the realization that the Pacific Ocean was vast.

4) It brought the Europeans to the awareness of the existence

of the beautiful Philippine islands.
EXPEDITIONS AFTER MAGELLAN
1) LOAISA – to establish a colony in Moluccas

2) SEBASTIAN CABOT – reached only as far as Brazil.

3) SAAVEDRA – His men were held prisoners by the

Portuguese.

4) RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS – reached the eastern part

of Mindanao, however, with the scarcity of food, they
were forced to leave the island and surrender to the
Portuguese. He named the island Las Islas Filipinas (in
honor of King Philip II)
TREATY of ZARAGOSA
 The return of Victoria to Spain and the Spanish claim of
Moluccas renewed the conflict between Spain and
Portugal.
 To settle the dispute, another treaty was agreed upon
(ZARAGOSA).
 According to this treaty, Spain sold (for 350,000 gold
ducats) to Portugal all her claims over Moluccas. The
line of demarcation was transferred to 298 leagues east
of Moluccas for Portugal. And Spain controlled 298
leagues west of Moluccas.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
5) MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI – sent after 20 years from
Villalobos’ expedition

- He was ordered to survey a spice trade in the Pacific to

discover a return route to Mexico and establish a
settlement in the region.

- His expedition left Mexico in 1564 and reached Cebu in

1565 where people showed their hostility.

- He then went on to sail and reached Samar where he

had a blood compact with BANKAW and later SIKATUNA
and SIGALA of Bohol.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION (CONT’D)
- From Bohol, De Legazpi decided to sailback to Cebu and
attack the Cebuanos. Since they had more arms and art
of warfare was more advanced, the Cebuanos were
defeated and fled to the mountains.
- After the defeat in battle, RAJAH TUPAZ agreed on a
peace treaty, where the natives will be paying a tribute
to the Spanish King while the Spanish government will
provide protection for the natives.
- Cebu was initially given the name SAN MIGUEL but
later changed to Ciudad Del Santissimo Nombre de
Jesus (CITY OF THE MOST HOLY NAME OF JESUS).
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION (CONT’D)
- From Cebu, the Spanish settlement was moved to Panay
because of the harassment of the Portuguese by way of
blocking their food supply.
- In 1570, Legazpi sent an expedition to Manila headed by
MARTIN DE GOITI and JUAN DE SALCEDO
- RAJAH SULAYMAN, the ruler of Manila, refused to
recognize Spanish sovereignty and pay tribute. Hence,
they battled the Spaniards but lost due to the superiority
of Spanish arms and art of warfare.
- De Legazpi was given the title of Adelantado after his
conquest of Manila.
REASONS FOR EASY COLONIZATION
1) He proved that by utilizing the friendly nature of the
Filipinos, there is not much need for arms and
battled to pacify the archipelago.

2) The archipelagic nature of the Philippines

contributed to the split and disunity.

3) Filipino’s technical know-how in the art of warfare

seems to be of no match to Spanish superiority.
THE END