Lecture # 1

 Information technology is the technology

that uses computing with high speed
communication links to spread information
from one place to another.
 Computer is a very important component of
information technology
 The world has become “global village” due to
advancement in IT.
 An electronic device that is programmed to
accept data, process data into useful
information and store it for later use
 Computer consists of hardware and software
 Software is a set of instructions that tells a
computer what to do
 Hardware is the physical part of a computer
E.g. keyboard , mouse etc
 Relationship between hardware and software
 Computer

Hardware Software

CPU Memory I/O Etc. Application System

Software Software
 Analog computers
 Digital computers
 An analog computer recognizes
data as a continuous
measurement of a physical
property.
 It has no state
 Its output is usually displayed on
a meter or graphs.
 Examples are Analog clock,
speed of a car, thermometer etc
 It works with numbers
 They breaks all types of information into tiny
units and use numbers to represent those
pieces of information.
 Everything is described in two states i.e.
either ON (1) or OFF (0).
 They are very fast and have big memory
The six generations of computers are:
 Mechanical era(1623-1900)
 First generation electronic computers(1937-
1953)
 Second generation (1954-1962)
 Third generation (1963-1972)
 Forth generation (1972-1984)
 Fifth generation (1984-1990)
 Sixth generation (1990 - present)
 Abacus (3000 BC)
It was used to perform addition, subtraction,
division and multiplication. It consists of
wooden beads and calculation were
performed by moving these beads properly.
 Napier’s bone (17th century)
It was a cupboard multiplication calculator
invented by john Napier.
It was used to perform difficult
multiplication operations to simple addition
of entries in a table
 Pascaline (17th century)
It was invented by Blaise Pascal.
It was first mechanical adding machine
It had a series of wheels with teeth which could
be turned using hands.
 Difference Engine and Analytical Engine(1823
and 1833)
It was designed by Charles Babbage who
was English mathematician, engineer,
philosopher and inventor.
He originated the concept of the
programmable computer.
A general purpose computer controlled by a
list of instructions
 Punched cards (1890)
They were able to read information that
which have been punched into the cards
automatically
 First generation computers were used
during 1942-1955 .
 They were based on Vacuum Tube which
was a glass (tube) that controlled and
amplified the electronic signals
 Consume more power with limited
performance
 High cost
 Uses assembly language – to prepare
programs. These were translated into
machine level language for execution.
 Fixed point arithmetic was used
 100 to 1000 fold increase in speed relative to the
earlier mechanical and relay based
electromechanical technology
 Punched cards and paper tape were invented to
feed programs and data and to get results.
 Magnetic tape / magnetic drum were used as
secondary memory
 Mainly used for scientific computations.
 See page # 6, Table 1A.2
 Examples are: UNIVAC, Havard Mark 1, ENIAC
etc
 Bell Lab invented the transistor – function
like
vacuum tubes but smaller, lower power
consumption, more reliable.
 Transistor is a small device that transfer
electronic signals across a resister
 Lower cost
 Magnetic core memories were used as
main memory which is a random-access
nonvolatile memory
 Magnetic tapes and magnetic disks were
used as secondary memory
 Hardware for floating point arithmetic
operations was developed.
 Index registers were introduced which increased
flexibility of programming.
 High level languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL etc
were used - Compilers were developed to translate
the high-level program into corresponding assembly
language program which was then translated into
machine language.
 Separate input-output processors were developed
that could operate in parallel with CPU.
 Punched cards continued during this period also.
 1000 fold increase in speed.
 See Page# 6 , Table 1A.3
 Examples are: TRADIC, IBM 704, LARC etc
 Jack Kilby developed Integrated Circuit (IC)
 An IC combined several electronic computers
on a small silicon chip
 IBM introduced
System/360 – a highly configurable,
highly backward compatible,
mainframe computer system.
 Small Scale Integration and Medium Scale
Integration technology were implemented in
CPU, I/O processors etc.
 Smaller & better performance
 Comparatively lesser cost
 Faster processors
 In the beginning magnetic core memories
were used. Later they were replaced by
semiconductor memories (RAM & ROM)
 Introduced microprogramming
 Microprogramming, parallel processing
(pipelining, multiprocessor system etc),
multiprogramming, multi-user system (time
shared system) etc were introduced.
 Operating system software were introduced
 Cache and virtual memories were introduced
 High level languages were standardized by ANSI
e.g.. ANSI FORTRAN, ANSI COBOL etc
 Database management, multi-user application,
online systems like closed loop process control,
airline reservation, interactive query systems,
automatic industrial control etc emerged during
this period.
 See page # 7, Table 1A.4
 Examples are: INTEL 4004, IBM SYSTEM/360
etc
 Microprocessors were introduced as CPU–
Complete processors and large section of main
memory could be implemented in a single chip
 Tens of thousands of transistors can be placed in
a single chip (VLSI design implemented)
 CRT screen, laser & ink jet printers, scanners etc
were developed.
 Semiconductor memory chips were used as the
main memory.
 Secondary memory was composed of hard disks
– Floppy disks & magnetic tapes were used for
backup memory
 Parallelism, pipelining cache memory and virtual
memory were applied in a better way
 LAN and WANS were developed (where desktop
work stations interconnected)
 Introduced C language and Unix OS
 Introduced Graphical User Interface
 Less power consumption
 High performance, lower cost and very compact
 Much increase in the speed of operation
 Examples are Apple Macintosh and IBM PC
 See Page # 7, Table 1A.5
 Computers based on artificial intelligence are available
 Computers use extensive parallel processing, multiple pipelines,
multiple processors etc
 Massive parallel machines and extensively distributed system
connected by communication networks fall in this category.
 Introduced ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology –
Intel’s Pentium 4 microprocessor contains 55 million transistors
millions of components on a single IC chip.
 Superscalar processors, Vector processors, SIMD processors, 32 bit
micro controllers and embedded processors, Digital Signal
Processors (DSP) etc have been developed.
 Memory chips up to 1 GB, hard disk drives up to 180 GB and optical
disks up to 27 GB are available (still the capacity is increasing)
 Object oriented language like JAVA suitable for internet
programming has been developed.
 Portable note book computers introduced
 Storage technology advanced – large main
memory and disk storage available
 Introduced World Wide Web. (and other
existing applications like e-mail, e Commerce,
Virtual libraries/Classrooms, multimedia
applications etc.)
 New operating systems developed –
Windows 95/98/XP/…, LINUX, etc.
 Got hot pluggable features – which enable a
failed component to be replaced with a new
one without the need to shutdown the
system, allowing the uptime of the system to
be very high.
 The recent development in the application of
internet is the Grid technology which is still in
its upcoming stage.
 See Page # 8, Table 1A.6
 Some inventions of the time are WWW,
HTML, HTTP, Web TV, java, DVD, iPod,
Youtube etc
 See Page # 8 , Table 1A.7
 Examples are: iMac , Sun ultra workstation
etc
 Input Devices
 Output devices
 System Unit
 Storage devices
 Communication devices
 The devices that are used to enter data and
instructions into the computers
 Most commonly used input devices are
Keyboard and Mouse
 Output devices are used to
display processed data to
the user
 Most commonly used
output devices are Monitor,
Printer and speakers
 Hard Copy is paper copy –
tangible
 Soft copy is intangible
 Its a box that contains different
components of a computer system.
 All electronic components in the system
unit are connected to motherboard
 Important components of system units
are:
Central processing Unit(Processor)
Memory
 These are used to store data permanently
even when the computer is turned off
 It is non volatile memory
 Examples:
Floppy Disk, Hard disk, CD ROM
 A communication device is a hardware
component that enables a computer to send
and receive data, instructions and
information to and from one or more
computers.
 A widely used communication device is
Modem
 Wired media
 Wireless media
 Modulation
Conversion from Digital signals to Analog
signals
 Demodulation
Conversion from Analog signals to Digital
signals
 Home
 Education
 Small business
 Industry
 Government
 Health care
 Banking
 Communication
 Police Department
 Retail
 Data
A collection of raw facts and figures is called
data. It may consist of numbers, characters,
symbols or pictures etc
 Information
Processed data is called information. It is
more meaningful than data.
 Data is collected and given to the computer for
processing
 Computer process data to the required
information
 The information is given to the user as output
 Information is stored in the computer for
further use
Speed Reliability Consistency

Storage Communications
 Violation of
Public Safety
Privacy

Impact on Impact on
Health Risks
Labor Force Environment
Basic IT Knowledge
Basic IT Knowledge

Engaging Your Customers Online

www.techsailor.com
A Computer…

 essentially a multi-functional
calculator
 a programmable machine that
receives input
 stores and manipulates data
 provides output in a useful format
 history:
 the first electronic computers were
developed in the mid-20th century (1940–
1945). These were the size of a large room
 http://inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex
.htm
 Do you know…
OS: Software:
•Windows XP •MS office
•Windows Vista •IE7
•Windows 7 •Firefox
•Mac OS •SQL
•Linux •IIS
•Unix •Photoshop
•Chrome OS •etc…
•etc…

Physical Devices:
Mother board, Hard disk, Ram, Processor, Speaker, Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, CD-ROM,
Power Supplier Unit & etc…
Hardware

External Devices Internal Devices

 External Devices

PC Peripherals Network Device Storage Device

 Monitor  Router  External HDD (Hard
 Speaker  Switch Disk)
 Keyboard  Hub  Thumb drive ; flash
 Mouse  Modem disk; SD/Mini-SD card,
 Joystick  Wireless adapter Memory Stick, etc…
 Printer  Blue-tooth  External Floppy Disk
 Photocopier adapter  …
 Scanner  …
 …

* A lot of different kind of slots/ports are available on motherboard to connect those external devices
 Internal Devices

Devices that bulit-on or directly plug onto motherboard, and include motherboard

 Motherboard  Modem
(also called Main board/System board)  CD/DVD-Rom /RW
 Power supplier unit (usually with fans)  Graphic Card
 Processor (usually with fans)  Network Card
 Ram  Sound Card
 Hard Disk (HDD)  …
 Floppy Disk

* A lot of different kind of slots are available on motherboard for the rest of the optional devices
Peek into the PC’s motherboard

Source: http://www.obsessable.com/glossary/motherboard/
Operating Systems

Windows XP Mac
 An interface between
Windows Vista Windows CE
hardware and user Mac OS X Suse Linux
 A platform to install/host Windows 2000 BlackBerry
applications/software Windows Server 2003 Windows
Ubuntu Linux FreeBSD
Windows NT 4 Sun Solaris
Linux Playstation 3
Windows 98 Symbian
Windows ME Adobe AIR
Debian Linux Nintendo Wii
iPhone iPod
Windows 95 SGI Irix
OpenBSD …
Software

 Computer software is a general term primarily used for digitally stored data such as
computer programs and other kinds of information read and written by computers.
 Today, this includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as
film, tapes and records.
 in contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched
 Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software
only.

Examples:
 Application software, such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users.
 Firmware, which is software programmed resident to electrically programmable memory devices on board
mainboards or other types of integrated hardware carriers.
 Middleware, which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
 System software such as operating systems, which govern computing resources and provide convenience for users.
 Software testing is a domain dependent of development and programming. Software testing consists of various
methods to test and declare a software product fit before it can be launched for use by either an individual or a group.
 Testware, which is an umbrella term or container term for all utilities and application software that serve in
combination for testing a software package but not necessarily may optionally contribute to operational purposes. As
such, testware is not a standing configuration but merely a working environment for application software or subsets
thereof.
 Video games (except the hardware part)
 Websites
Source: http://www.wikipedia.com
System Software

 System software helps run the computer hardware and

computer system. It includes a combination of the following:

 device drivers
 operating systems
 servers
 utilities
 windowing systems
Programming Software

 Programming software usually provides tools to assist a

programmer in writing computer programs, and software
using different programming languages in a more
convenient way. The tools include:

 compilers
 debuggers
 interpreters
 linkers
 text editors
Application Software

 Application software allows end users to accomplish one or

more specific (not directly computer development related)
tasks. Typical applications include:
 industrial automation
 business software
 video games
 quantum chemistry and solid state physics software
 telecommunications (i.e., the Internet and everything that flows on it)
 databases
 educational software
 medical software
 military software
 molecular modeling software
 image editing
 spreadsheet
 simulation software
 Word processing
 Decision making software
Website

 A collection of related web pages, images, videos or other

digital assets.
 Addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource
Locator (URL).
 Webpage
 formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML, XHTML)
 accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP / HTTPS)
DATABASE : A collection of data is referred to as
database.
e.g. 1. record of students stored in files
2. information stored over internet

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: It is basically a

computer based record keeping system (program).
e.g. MySQL
Microsoft Access
FileMaker
FoxPro
Purpose of database :
1. It reduces DATA REDUNDANCY to a large extent.
2. It controls DATA INCONSISTENCY.
3. It facilitate SHARING of data.
4. It ensures DATA SECURITY.

Name D.O.B Fees Name D.O.B Fees

Harsh 23/01/1993 Not paid Harsh 23/01/1993 Paid
Amar 04/11/1994 Paid Amar 04/11/1994 Paid
Devendra 14/06/1992 Not paid Devendra 14/06/1992 Paid
Harsh 23/01/1993 Not paid Harsh 23/01/1993 Not paid

Data Redundancy Data Inconsistency

Various levels of database implementation (concept of abstraction)
1. INTERNAL LEVEL (PHYSICAL LEVEL):
It describes how data are actually stored on the storage medium.
It is closest to database programmer.
Lowest level of database abstraction.

2. CONCEPTUAL LEVEL:
It describes what data are actually stored in database.
It is closest to the database manager.
It is an intermediate level of database abstraction.

3. EXTERNAL LEVEL (VIEW LEVEL):

It describes the way in which the data are viewed by individual user.
It is the level closest to the users.
It is the highest level of database abstraction.
 Account holder Manager

External level View 2

View 1 AC_No
User View 1 View 2 View 3 AC_Name AC_Name
Amount Type
Amount
Database Conceptual
handler level Conceptual
AC_No numeric(15)
AC_Name character(20)
Type character(10)
Physical Amount numeric(15)
level

(DBMS Programmer)
Internal
Stored-acc. length=60
Account # type=bytes(15) offset=0
Name type=bytes(20) offset=15
Type type=bytes(10) offset=35
Amount type=bytes(15) offset=45
 DATA MODELS
Table : Items 1.Relational Data Model
Item # Item- Price Table : Shipments
name
Supp# Item# Qty-
I1 Cake 50.00 Supplie
I2 Bread 9.00 d
I3 Biscuits 6.00 S1 I2 20
I4 Snacks 16.00 S1 I3 25
S1 I4 10
Table : Suppliers
S2 I1 5
Supp# Supp-name
S2 I3 10
S1 Britannia
S2 New Bakers

1. RELATIONAL DATA MODEL: In relational data model, the data

is stored in the form of tables (i.e. rows ad columns).
These tables are called relations.
The user of the relational database system may insert new tuples,
delete tuples, and modify tuples.
 2. Network Data Model

S1 Britannia

20 25 10

I2 Bread 9.00 I3 Biscuit 6.00 I4 Snacks 16.00

s

2. NETWORK DATA MODEL: The network data model differs

from the relational model.
In this model data is represented by connection of records and
relationships among data are represented by links.
Records are organized as graphs.
 3. Hierarchical Data Model

S1 Britannia

I2 Bread 9.00
I3 Biscuits 6.00
I4 Snacks 16.00 20

25
10

3. HIERARCHICAL DATA MODEL: Data is represented by

collection of records and relationships among data by links, similar
to the network model.
Records are organized as trees rather than graphs.
Represents relationship among its records through parent child
relationships.
 Relational Data Model

The relational model was put forward by E.F. Codd of the IBM.
It is considered as a very important concept in DBMS.

Some basic terminologies

Relation : A relation is a table i.e. data is arranged in rows and columns.

Tuple : The rows of tables are generally referred to as tuples.
Attributes : The columns of tables are generally referred to as attributes.
Degree : The number of attributes in a relation determine the degree of
the relation.
Cardinality : The number of tuples in a relation is called the cardinality of
the relation.
Views

A view is a (virtual) table that does not really exist in its own right but is
instead derived from one or more underlying base tables.
It is an excellent way to give people access to some but not all information
(data abstraction).

Database Keys are used to establish and identify relations between tables.
Primary key: It is a set of one or more attributes that can uniquely identify
the tuples within the relation.
Candidate key : All attribute combinations inside a relation that can serve
as a primary key are candidate keys.
Alternate key: A candidate key that is not the primary key is called the
alternate key.
Foreign key : A foreign key is a non key attribute whose value is derived
from the primary key of another table.
 Table : Employee

Empno Name D.O.B. Post Area_code

101 Aakash 13/03/1994 Director 221 Foreign key in

102 Shahrukh 26/11/1993 Director 223 this table
103 Nishank 30/02/1989 Manager 156
104 Shivesh 24/03/1993 Clerk 223
105 Prem 31/05/1992 Clerk 156

Table : Location

Area_code Area State

156 Mumbai Maharashtra
221 Bengaluru Karnataka
223 Pune Maharashtra

Primary Key in
this table
 It is client-server architecture

 Direct communication

 Run faster(tight coupled)

 Two parts:

1) Client Application (Client Tier)

2) Database (Data Tier)

 On client application side the code is written for saving the data

in the SQL server database

Advantages:
 Easy to maintain and modification is bit easy

 Communication is faster

Disadvantages:
 Performance will be degrade upon increasing the

users

 Cost-ineffective
 3-TIER ARCHITECTURE

 Web based application

 Three layers:

1) Client layer

2) Business layer

3) Data layer
 Client Layer

 Contains UI part of our application

 This layer is used for the design purpose where data is

presented to the user or input is taken from the user

 Business layer
 All business logic written like validation of data,

calculations, data insertion etc…

 This acts as a interface between Client layer and Data

Access Layer

 Make communication faster between client and data

layer
 Data layer
 Actual database is comes in the picture

 Contains methods to connect with database and to

perform insert, update, delete, get data from database

based on our input data

 Advantages

 Performance – Because the Presentation tier can cache

requests, network utilization is minimized, and the load is

reduced on the Application and Data tiers.

 Scalability – Each tier can scale horizontally

 Better Re-use
 Advantages(contd)

 High degree of flexibility in deployment platform and

configuration

 Improve Data Integrity

 Improved Security – Client is not direct access to database.

 Easy to maintain and modification is bit easy, won’t affect o

ther modules
System Development
Life Cycle (SDLC)
 Six Phases of the System
Development Life Cycle
 Preliminary Investigation
 Assesses feasibility and practicality of
system
 System Analysis
 Study old system and identify new
requirements
 Defines system from user's view

 System Design
 Design new/alternative system

 Defines system from technical view

 Six Phases of the System
Development Life Cycle
 System Development
 New hardware and software is acquired,
developed, and tested
 System Implementation
 System installation and training
 System Operation & Maintenance
 Daily operation
 Periodic evaluation and updating
SDLC Phases
Preliminary
Investigation

System
System Operation Analysis
& Maintenance

System System
Implementation
n Design

System
Development
 Phase 1:
Preliminary Investigation
 Determine if a new system is needed
 Three primary tasks:
 Define the problem
 By observation and interview, determine what
information is needed by whom, when, where and
why
 Suggest alternative solutions
 Prepare a short report
 Phase 2:
System Analysis
 In depth study of the existing system to
determine what the new system should do.
 Expand on data gathered in Phase 1
 In addition to observation and interviews,
examine:
 Formal lines of authority (org chart)
 Standard operating procedures
 How information flows
 Reasons for any inefficiencies
 Phase 2: System Analysis
Tools Used
 Checklists - list of questions
 Top-down analysis - start with top level
components, break down into smaller parts
through each successive level
 Grid charts - to show relationship between
inputs and outputs
 System flowcharts - charts flow of input data,
processing, and output which show system
elements and interactions
 Phase 2: System Analysis
Documentation Produced
 Complete description of current system and its
problems
 Requirements for for new system including:
 Subject
 Scope
 Objectives
 Benefits
 Possible development schedule
 Phase 3:
System Design
 Uses specifications from the systems analysis to
design alternative systems
 Evaluate alternatives based upon:
 Economic feasibility - Do benefits justify costs?
 Technical feasibility - Is reliable technology and
training available?
 Operational feasibility - Will the managers and
users support it?
 Phase 3: System Design
Tools Used
 Computer-Aided Software Engineering
(CASE) tools are software-based products
designed to help automate the production of
information systems.
 Examples:
 Diagramming Tools
 Data Repositories
 Prototyping Tools
 Test Data Generators
 Documentation Tools
 Project Management Tools
 Phase 3: System Design
Documentation Produced
 System Design Report
 Describe Alternatives including:

 Inputs/Outputs
 Processing
 Storage and Backup
 Recommend Top Alternative based upon:
 System Fit into the Organization
 Flexibility for the future
 Costs vs. benefits
 Phase 4:
System Development
 Build the system to the design specifications
 Develop the software

 Purchase off-the-shelf software OR

 Write custom software
 Acquire the hardware
 Test the new system
 Module (unit) test - tests each part of system
 Integration testing - tests system as one unit
 Create manuals for users and operators
 Phase 5:
System Implementation
 Convert from old system to new system
 Train users
 Compile final documentation
 Evaluate the new system
 Phase 5: System Implementation
Types of Conversion
 Direct/plunge/crash approach – entire new
system completely replaces entire old system, in one
step
 Parallel approach - both systems are operated side
by side until the new system proves itself
 Pilot approach - launched new system for only one
group within the business -- once new system is
operating smoothly, implementation goes company-
wide
 Phased/incremental approach - individual parts of
new system are gradually phased-in over time, using
either crash or parallel for each piece.
 Phase 5: System Implementation
 User Training
 Ease into system, make them comfortable,
and gain their support
 Most commonly overlooked
 Can be commenced before equipment
delivery
 Outside trainers sometimes used
 Phase 6: Operations &
Maintenance
 Types of changes:
 Physical repair of the system

 Correction of new bugs found (corrective)

 System adjustments to environmental

changes
 Adjustments for users’ changing needs
(adaptive)
 Changes to user better techniques when they
become available (perfective)
 Phase 6: Operations &
Maintenance
 Evaluation Methods
 Systems audit - performance compared to
original specifications
 Periodic evaluation - “checkups” from time
to time, modifications if necessary
 Deliverables of the SDLC
Approved Feasibility Abort Project
Preliminary
Investigation Study Goto next phase
Problem Goto Previous phase
System
Analysis Specifications

System
Design Design Specifications

System Coded and

Development Tested System
Begin building System System converted
new system Implementation Users trained
System
Maintenance
Operational System
Documentation completed