Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology

comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as
hierarchical levels within a pyramid.

• From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are:

physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and self-
actualization. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied
before individuals can attend to needs higher up.
Frederick Herzberg's Theory of Motivation
In Herzberg theory, motivation factors are the positive, either extrinsic or
intrinsic, influences that cause an employee to want to do a better job. Extrinsic
motivating factors (such as recognition, advancement and increasing levels of
responsibility) and intrinsic motivating factors (such as achievement, growth
and interest) are, according to Herzberg theory, equally motivating. Some ways
that Herzberg suggested arranging work for greater employee motivation are
the following:

1. Job enlargement;

2. Job rotation; and/or

3. Job enrichment.
Douglas McGrgor's Theory X and Theory Y
• What do you think motivates your people to come to work each
morning?
• Do you believe that they get great satisfaction from their work and
take pride in doing the best possible job? Or do you think that they
see it as a burden, and simply work for the money?

In the 1960s, social psychologist Douglas McGregor developed two

contrasting theories that explained how managers' beliefs about what
motivates their people can affect their management style. He labelled
these Theory X and Theory Y. These theories continue to be important
even today.
Theory X

• Average human being has an inherently dislike of work and will avoid
it if possible.
• Because of his human characterisitics of dislkike of work, most people
must be coerced, controlled, directed, and threatened with
punishment to get them put forth adequate effort.
• the average human being pr to be directed, wishes to avoid
responsibility, has relatively little ambition, and wants security above
all.
Theory Y
• The expenditure of physical and mental effort in wo is as natural as
play or rest.
• People will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of
objectives to which they are committed.
• Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated
with achievement.
Chris Argyris
• Chris Argyris explored the concept of organizational learning and its
impact on a company's growth, effectiveness and adaptability.
Argyris's theories focused on single- and double-loop learning, the
immaturity/maturity continuum, organizational communication and
the effects of each of these on employee motivation, accountability
and empowerment.
Immature -Infant End
• Being passive
• Being dependent
• Being unaware of self
• Being subordinate
• Possessing a short time perspective
• Having casual and shallow interests
• Being capable of behaving in only a few ways
Natural Movement with Maturation
• Increase activity
• Independence
• Awareness, of and control over self
• Aspiring to occupy an equal or superior position
• Having a long-term perspectives
• Developing deeper interests
• Being capable of behaving in many ways to satisfy needs