Professional Documents
Culture Documents
kesehatan masyarakat
Departemen Epidemiologi
FKM UI
2018
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Objektif
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The intended use of the surveillance data
- Foege (1976)
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Duration of data collection
• Most surveillance system are implemented
with an indefinite duration
• It could also be modified or enhanced for a set
period in response to a critical PH need
• i.e. influenza surveillance data collected by
CDC are updated and analyzed weekly during
the influenza season (Oct-May), with lower
levels of reporting at other times
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Required data elements
• What data are necessary to adequately conduct the
surveillance?
• PH surveillance is not intended to answer all possible
questions about a disease or condition under
surveillance
• It should provide answer required to support PH
practice i.e. to implement/inform prevention/control
measures
• And it should be adequate to generate hypotheses for
targeted research
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Required data elements
• If we confuse surveillance with research we
may be motivated to collect large amounts of
detailed data on each case. The burden of this
approach is too great for the resources
available for surveillance and usually leads to
failure
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Source of data
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Source of data
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Facts (1)
• Public health surveillance in developing
countries:
– the steps of system design
– the principle of collecting information for action
• Existing data sources and resources for
targeted data collection are generally far more
limited in developing countries than in
developed countries
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Facts (2)
• Tracking disease trends (particularly infectious
diseases) has been the main reason surveillance
systems have been instituted in developing as well as
developed countries (Langmuir, 1963)
• Many infectious diseases and other conditions of
public health important—diarrhoea, malaria,
pneumonia, and malnutrition—occur in settings with
only rudimentary health care and few laboratory
resources (Sandiford et al., 1992).
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Facts (3)
• Diseases are often lack of definitive diagnosis
may hinder surveillance and response efforts
• Resources for surveillance that contribute to
passive disease notification may result in
inadequate data to meet surveillance or other
health objectives
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Penyakit yang wajib dilaporkan dan mekanisme pelaporan
(1)
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Penyakit yang wajib dilaporkan dan mekanisme pelaporan
(2)
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Penyakit yang wajib dilaporkan dan mekanisme pelaporan
(3)
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Penyakit yang wajib dilaporkan dan mekanisme pelaporan
(4)
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Penyakit yang wajib dilaporkan dan mekanisme pelaporan
(5)
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Penyakit yang wajib dilaporkan dan mekanisme pelaporan
(6)
3. Surveilans
a. Pasif: laporan yang diinisiasi oleh petugas kesehatan
b. Aktif: laporan yang diinisiasi oleh departemen Kesehatan
c. Sentinel: laporan individual
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Penyakit yang wajib dilaporkan dan mekanisme pelaporan
(7)
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Penyakit yang wajib dilaporkan dan mekanisme pelaporan
(8)
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Keterbatasan sistem pelaporan
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Faktor penyebab laporan tidak lengkap
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Cara memperbaiki pelaporan
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Kekuatan sistem pelaporan penyakit wajib
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Morbidity data: case reporting
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Statistik Vital
• 1532 weekly tally of persons who died in London from plague and other
causes
• Use of standard procedures for collecting, coding & reporting vital events in
1830s ??
• Dasar ICD
• Penting bagi surveilans:
– Informasi saat kelahiran
– Informasi saat kematian
• 80 negara melaporkan stat. vital ke WHO
• Stat. vital:
– data terkait kesehatan yg tersedia dr banyak negara dlm format standar
– Sumber info kesehatan yg tersedia utk total populasi
– Sumber data yg tersedia utk estimasi rate
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Manfaat statistik vital
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Mortality data
• Mortality registration is the oldest form of disease reporting
• Advantages:
– Death certificates are legally required in most countries
– Most infectious diseases of sufficient severity to cause of death
exhibit unique enough clinical characteristics to permit accurate
diagnosis
• Disadvantages:
– Reflects incidence only when there is some relatively constant ratio
between deaths and cases (less accurate to produce incidence)
– Multiple causes of death, the one of greatest PH significance may be
lost when causes are recorded on the death certificates
– A long delay in the publication of mortality data
– Wide variation in the accuracy
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Sertifikat kelahiran
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Sertifikat kematian
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ICD-10
• Sebuah daftar tabular dari kategori dan kondisi-kondisi
termasuk:
• Nomor kode
• Definisi istilah kunci
• aturan untuk pemilihan sebab-sebab yang mendasari
kematian
• Daftar kondisi untuk ringkasan statistik
• Bermanfaat:
– Pengklasifikasian kondisi
– Perhitungan rates
– Perbandingan internasional (world standard population)
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Isu dalam kendali mutu (1)
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Isu dalam kendali mutu (2)
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Sistem surveilans berdasarkan statistik vital
• Laporan mingguan
• Laporan bulanan dan triwulan
• Kematian bayi dan keluaran reproduktif lain dari yang
merugikan
• Kematian karena pekerjaan
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Sentinel Surveillance (1)
• An alternative to population-based
surveillance
• SS involves collecting data from a sample of
reporting sites i.e. one of the most common SS
system used in USA is for influenza
• Selected health care providers report the
number of cases of influenza-like illness to
state health dept. on weekly basis
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Sentinel Surveillance (2)
• States able to monitor trends using a relatively
small amount of information
• Sentinel providers can also be used to gather
more specific information
• A sentinel provider network in British
Colombia, Canada, was used in a study of
vaccine effectiveness during the 2005-2006
influenza season through SS
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Sentinel Surveillance (3)
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surveilans sentinel (4)
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Sentinel merujuk pada
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Tempat-tempat sentinel
• Rumah sakit
• Klinik
• Propinsi
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Peranan tempat-tempat sentinel
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Petugas sentinel
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• Eurosentinel
– Koordinasi aktivitas sentinel meliputi jaringan
praktisi kesehatan (MD)
– Ada 39 jaringan aktif di EU berdasar survei 1990
– Tujuan: terbentuk jaringan praktisi EU sentinel
yang terkomputerisasi
• Netherlands
– NIPHC: jaringan sentinel praktisi (MD)
– Mencakup 1% populasi
– Mengumpulkan data epi terpercaya terkait
masalah kesehatan
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• USA
– NNIS: mengumpulkan data surveilans infeksi
nasokomial dari 250 RS
– Jaringan 139 sentinel (MD) melaporkan kasus
influenza-like illness tiap minggu selama periode
penyakit influenza ke CDC
• Belgium
– Mencakup 1,3% populasi
– Diseminasi merupakan program unggulan
• Laporan 2 mingguan dan tahunan kepada praktisi yang
terlibat, Ministry of PH, FK, FKM dan pres
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Peristiwa kesehatan sentinel:
• Surveilans mortalitas ibu (USA) hubungan
antara penurunan drastis mortalitas ibu dg
kelahiran bayi
• Pengawasan kondisi yang dapat dicegah
mampu memberi gambaran masalah di
populasi
• Kematian bayi digunakan untuk pengawasan
ketersediaan dan kualitas yankes
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Register (1)
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Register (2)
• Umum digunakan dalam pemantauan dampak kesmas
terkait penyakit kronis di populasi
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Tipe register
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Survei
• Bukan surveilans tapi dpt mendukung aktivitas surveilans
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Perbedaan survei dan register
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Tipe survei
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Surveys
• Advantages:
– Use standardized methods produce high quality data
& can be carried out rapidly
• Disadv.:
– Costly
– Gives information only for a single point in time
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Sistem pengumpulan data administratif
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Hospital and medical care stat.
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Sistem pengumpulan data
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• Sumber data surveilans kesmas di Indonesia:
– Jenis-jenis register di PKM
– Statistik vital Dinas Kependudukan dan Dinas Kepemakaman
– Sistem surveilans terpadu penyakit di RS
– Sistem pencatatan dan pelaporan RS
– Survei (SKRT, SDKI); data haji
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Terima Kasih
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KUIS Perencanaan Surkesmas
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KUIS Perencanaan Surkesmas
1. Ada berapa tahapan yang perlu
dipertimbangkan dalam perencanaan
surveilans kesmas?
A. 6
B. 8
C. 10
D. 12
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KUIS Perencanaan Surkesmas
2. Bila uji coba instrumen diperlukan pada
sistem surveilans infeksi nosokomial,
sebutkan 2 hal yang perlu diperhatikan
A. Definisi kasus dan waktu
B. Definisi kasus dan tempat
C. Waktu dan tempat
D. Semua benar
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KUIS Perencanaan Surkesmas
3. Definisi kasus “keberhasilan pengobatan”
pada sistem surveilans penyakit TBC adalah?
A. Pasien selesai pengobatan kurang dari 6 bulan
B. Pasien selesai pengobatan selama 6 bulan
C. Pasien selesai pengobatan selama 6 bulan dan
hasil BTA (-)
D. Pasien selesai pengobatan selama 6 bulan dan
hasil BTA (+)
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