MATRICES

10 April 2019 1
After watching the slides show, you will be able to

Determine the solution of matrix

problem by using

Multiple matrix operation

and inverse of matrix
and its characteristics.

10 April 2019 2
 Multiply matrix with matrix
Look at this illustration:

Randy and Lya want to buy

book and pencil. Randy buys
3 books and 1 pencil. Lya buys
4 books and 2 pencils.

10 April 2019 3
 If the price of a book is
Rp500,00 and
a pencil is Rp150,00;
How much money each of them has to pay?

10 April 2019 4
 Solution:
Randy = 3 x 500 + 1 x 150
= Rp1.650,00
Lya = 4 x 500 + 2 x 150
= Rp2.300,00
The problem can be solved by using this
matrix multiply:

10 April 2019 5
 3 1  500

4   
 2 

150 
 
(2 x 2) (2 x 1)

column = row

3 x 500 + 1 x 150 
=
 


4 x 500 + 2 x 150 
1650
= 
2300
 (2 x 1)
10 April 2019 6
 Condition of Matrix Multiply

Matrix A can be multiplied

with matrix B
if
Number of matrix A column =
Number of matrix B row

10 April 2019 7
 If matrix A has ordo m x n
and matrix B has ordo n x p
then A x B = C
with C has ordo m x p
Am xn x Bn x p = Cm x p

10 April 2019 8
 How to Multiply Matrix
if A x B = C
then
matrix element of C
is the sum of multiple result of
Element of row matrix A
with element of column matrix B
which is accordance

10 April 2019 9
 Am x n x Bn x p = Cm x p

 …

1st 2nd

 row  x
1st
C
O
C
O …

Baris 2   …

L L

…
… … … 
U U

 
M M
N N …

 1st row x 1st column 1st row x2nd column 1st row x…. 
=
 2nd row x 1st column 2nd row x2nd column …………..

 ……….x 1st column …………….. 
10 April 2019 10
 Example 1:
1 2  5 7 
3 x 6 
 4   8 

1x5 + 2x6 1x7 + 2x8 
= 

3x5 + 4x6 3x7 + 4x8



10 April 2019 11
 
1x5 + 2x6 1x7 + 2x8 
=  

3x5 + 4x6 3x7 + 4x8 

17 23
= 39 
 53

10 April 2019 12
 Example 2:
5 7  1 2 
x 
6 8  3
 
4


5x1 + 7x3 5x2 + 7x4 
=  

6x1 + 8x3 6x2 + 8x4

26 38 
= 30 44 
 

10 April 2019 13
 Example 3:
Given that:
 3  1   2 5
A =   and B =  
 2 4   1 8 

Evaluate: A x B and B x A

10 April 2019 14
 AxB=  3 -1 -2 5
2 4  1 8
  
 3 x (-2) + (-1) x 1 3 x 5 + (-1) x 8 
=
 

 2 x (-2) + 4 x 1 2x5+4x8 
-7 7
=  
0 42
 

10 April 2019 15
 -2 5  3 -1
B x A =    
1 8  2 4
(-2) x 3 + 5 x 2 (-2) x (-1) + 5 x 4
= 
 

1 x 3 + 8 x 2 1 x (-1) + 8 x 4 

= 4 22 
 

19 31 

10 April 2019 16
 Conclusion:

AxB BxA

It means
matrix multiply
is not commutative

10 April 2019 17
 Example 4:

The value of a from the matrices equation:

  1 d   4  5   2  1  2c 1 
  +   =    
  b 3    3 b    4 3   c a 1

is….

10 April 2019 18
 Discuss:
-1 d   4 -5 2 -1 2c 1 
  +  =   
c 
-b 3  -3 b -4
 3  a +1


3 d - 5 4c + (-c) 2 + (-1)(a + 1)


 

= 
 

-b - 3 3 + b  
 -8c + 3c -4+ 3(a + 1)
 3 d  5  3c 2 - a -1 
  =  
 b  3 3  b   5c  4  3a  3 

10 April 2019 19
 3 = 3c  c = 1
-b – 3 = -5c
-b – 3 = -5
-b = -2  b = 2
3 + b = -1 + 3a
3 + 2 = -1 + 3a
5 = -1 + 3a
6 = 3a
So, the value of a is 2
10 April 2019 20
 Matrices Inverse
Definition:
If result of multiply two matrices
is identity matrix,
(A x B = B x A = I)
then
Matrix of A is matrix inverse of B
or reverse
matrix of B is matrix inverse of A
10 April 2019 21
 Example 1
 1 3   5  3
   
A =   2  5  and B =  2 1 


 1 3    5  3
A x B =    
  2  5  2 1 

= 
-5+6 -3+3 
10-10 6-5 

1 0

=   = I
0 1
10 April 2019 22
 Example 2
 1 3   5  3
A =   and B =  
  2  5  2 1
  5  3  1 3
B x A =    
 2 1    2  5
-5+6 -15+15
=2-2 

 6-5 
1 0
=   = I
0 1
10 April 2019 23
 because A x B = B x A = I
it means
B = inverse of A, or A = inverse of B.

If B = inverse of A and written as A-1

then
A. A-1 = A-1. A = I

10 April 2019 24
 Inverse Matrices (2 x 2)
a b
If A =  
c d

then inverse of matrix A

1  d -b
is A-1 = ad - bc  -c a 
 
ad – bc = determinant matrix A
10 April 2019 25
 If ad – bc = 0 it means
That matrix does not have any inverse.

The matrix that does not have any

inverse is called
singular matrix

10 April 2019 26
 Example:
 2 1
Given that A =  
 5 3
Find the inverse of matrix A

10 April 2019 27
 Discuss:
1 1  d  b
A   
ad - bc   c a 
2 1 1 3 -1
A     A 
1
 
5 3 2.3 - 1.5 -5 2
1  3  1
  
6 - 5  5 2 
 3  1
  
 5 2 
10 April 2019 28
 Inverse Matrices Characteristics:
1. A.A-1 = A-1.A = I

2. (A. B)-1 = B-1. A-1

3. (A-1 )-1 = A

10 April 2019 29
 Example 1
1 2
Given that A =  3 4 
 
 2 0 
and B =  
 3  1
then (AB)-1 is … .

10 April 2019 30
 Discuss:
1 2   2 0 
AB =    
 3 4   3  1
-2 + 6 0 - 2
   
-6 + 12 0-4

 4  2
  
 6  4

10 April 2019 31
  4  2
AB   
 6  4
1 1  -4 2 
(AB)   
 16  (12)  -6 4 
1   4 2
  
 4   6 4
1  12 
So, (AB)   1
-1

1 2 1 

10 April 2019 32
 Example 2
3 1
If inverse of matrix A =  
 4 2
then find matrix A

10 April 2019 33
 Discuss:
A = (A-1 )-1
1 3 1
A   
 4 2
1 1 1 2 -1
(A )   
3.2  1.4 -4 3
1  2  1
  
2  4 3 
10 April 2019 34
 1 1 1  2  1
(A )  A   
2  4 3 

 1  12 
So, A   3 

 2 2 

10 April 2019 35
 The solution of
Matrices Equation
If A, B and M are
matrices which has ordo(2x2)
and A is non singular matrix
then
the solutions of matrices equation
are
☻AM = B is M = A-1.B
☺MA = B is M = B.A-1
10 April 2019 36
 Example 1
 5 3   2 1
Given that A =   and B =  
 2 1  5 0
Find M if:

a. AM = B
b. MA = B

10 April 2019 37
 Discuss:
 5 3
A   
 2 1
1 1  1  3
A   
5.1 - 3.2   2 5 

1  1  3   1 3 
     
-1   2 5   2  5 

10 April 2019 38
 a. If AM = B
then M = A-1.B
 1 3    2 1 
  x 
 2  5  5 0
 (1)x( 2)  3x5 (1)x1  3x0 
  
 2x( 2)  (5)x5 2x1  (5)x0 
 17  1
So, M   
  29 2 
10 April 2019 39
 b. If MA = B
then M = B.A-1
  2 1   -1 3
  x 
 5 0  2 5
 2  2 (6)  (5) 
  
 (5)  0 15  0 
 4  11
So, M   
  5 15 
10 April 2019 40
 Example 2
Given that multiple matrices

 4 3   a b  16 3 
 x    
 1 2  c d   9 7
The value of a + b + c + d
is ….

10 April 2019 41
 Discuss:
 4 3  a b  16 3 
 x    
 1 2  c d   9 7
a b  1  2  3 16 3 
     
c d  8  3   1 4  9 7 
 a b  1  32  27 6  21 
    
 c d  5   16  36  3  28 
1  5  15 
  
5  20 25 
10 April 2019 42
 a b  1  5  15 
    
c d  5  20 25 
a b   1  3
    
c d  4 5 
find
a = 1, b = -3, c = 4 and d = 5
means
a+b+c+d=1–3+4+5=7
10 April 2019 43