An automated and efficient solution

to detect the symptoms of DR using

DNN
 Diabetic Retinopathy

Prevalence of the type of Diabetes

 Type 2 – in 90% of diabetic patients

Diabetic retinopathy - most common cause of legal

blindness between ages 20 and 70 years.
 Classification of DR
I. Non-proliferative DR (NPDR)
• Mild
• Moderate
• Severe
• Very severe

II. Proliferative DR (PDR)

III. Clinically significant macular oedema (CSME)

- May exist by itself or along with NPDR and PDR
 Mild NPDR
• At least one microaneurysm - earliest clinically detectable
lesion
 Retinal hemorrhages
 Hard or soft exudates
 Moderate NPDR
• Microaneurysms
and/or dot and blot
hemorrhages in at
least 1 quadrant

• Soft exudates (Cotton

wool spots)

• Venous beading or
IRMA (intraretinal IRMA
microvascular
abnormalities)
Mild and Moderate Non- proliferative DR was
previously known as Background DR
 Severe NPDR
Any one of the following 3 features is present
• Microaneurysms and intraretinal hemorrhages
in all 4 quadrants

• Venous beading in 2 or more quadrants

• Moderate IRMA in at least 1 quadrant

Known as the 4-2-1 rule

 Very severe NPDR

Any two of the features of the 4-2-1

rule is present
 Objective
• The purpose of this project is to design an
automated and efficient solution that could
detect the symptoms of DR from a retinal
image within seconds and simplify the process
of reviewing and examination of images.
 Abstract
• Diabetic retinopathy is one of the common
complications of diabetes.
• It is a severe and widely spread eye disease.
• It damages the small blood vessels in the retina
resulting in loss of vision.
• In this project, an automatic algorithm for
detection and classification of DR has been
proposed.
• Deep neural networks (DNNs) with novel
architecture is proposed to recognize the
existence and severity of ROP disease per-
examination.
• DNN model on a large dataset to detect the
symptoms of DR from fundus images
 Existing System
• GMM
• SVM
• KNN and ADABOOST
• Probabilistic Neural network(PNN)
 Disadvantages
• Its not possible to detect at an early stage is
very crucial for saving a patient’s vision;
• Need image is of higher and better quality than
the actual image.
• Current screening systems are additionally not
able to picture the peripheral retina and require
pharmacological pupil dilation;
• the performance of these approaches plateaus,
which makes them harder to improve.
 Proposed System
• In this project, we propose a new dataset of
fundus images for grading DR
• Deep neural network (DNN) models were
trained for the diagnosis of DR.
• We also propose a new model which is better
adapted to small lesions in the fundus images.
 Advantages
• correct localization of the optic disc in 999 of 1,000 retinal
images
• segmentation of retinal vessels at an accuracy of 94.2% in
20 retinal images
• detection of hemorrhages, microaneurysms, and vascular
abnormalities with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of
87% in 100 retinal images
• detection and separation of exudates, cotton-wool spots, and
drusen with a lesion sensitivity of 95% and specificity of
88% in 300 retinal images
• detection of retinal images with insufficient image quality
with an accuracy of 97.4% in 1,000 retinal images
 Training Phase Testing Phase

Preprocessing
Preprocessing

Normalization Factors
Normalization Factors

Size Shape Color

Size Shape Color

Augmentation
Augmentation Architecture
Diagram

•Mild
•Moderate
Prediction •Severe
•Very Severe
Block Explanation
 Preprocessing
• For Deep neural network worked on spatial data
of the fundus images. A primary steps involved in
the preprocessing is resizing the images. Before
feeding into the architecture for classification,
convert the images in to gray scale. And then,
convert in to the L model. It is a monochrome
images which is used to highlights the
microaneurysms, and vessels in the fundus
images. And flatten the images in single
dimensional for processing further.
 Normalization
1) SIZE NORMALIZATION
The first step is to resize different images into a
uniform scale so that all fundus areas in different
images have the same diameter. The black
borders on each side of the fundus image are
removed at the outset by summing the images
horizontally and vertically and discarding
regions that correspond to values under a
selected threshold. Then, the images are resized
to fixed dimensions.
 Conts..
2) SHAPE NORMALIZATION
Some fundus images are complete circles,
whereas others may lack the top and bottom
margins. In addition, many devices capture a
small notch on the edge of the circle. To unify
the shapes of these images, we use a mask that
contains the largest common area of all images
from different sources to obscure unwanted
parts of the image.
 Cont..
3) COLOR NORMALIZATION
After the shape of each image is normalized, its
color must be tuned because different devices
may produce images with different color
temperatures, and the illumination conditions
can vary. Our method of color tuning is simple:
we shift each of the RGB channels of a fundus
image to a pre-calculated mean and truncate the
values above 255
 Augmentation
In this block, we used the Augmentator software package.
Specifically, we augmented our data through the
following means:
• flip the image horizontally
• flip the image vertically
• randomly rotate the image in the range of [−25,25]
degrees
• randomly zoom in or out in the range of [0.85,1.15]
• randomly distort the image All of these methods were
combined for augmenting each image, and a probability
of 0.5 was used to determine whether or not to perform
each of them.
 Deep Neural Network
In deep learning, the deep neural network uses a
complex architecture composed of stacked layers in
which is particularly well-adapted to classify the
images. For multi-class classification, this
architecture robust and sensitive to each feature
present in the images.
• Convolutional Layer
• Pooling Layer
• ReLU Layer
• Dropout layer
• Fully connected Layer
• Classification Layer
 Disease Prediction
• A clinician has rated the presence of diabetic
retinopathy in each image on a scale of 0 to 4,
according to the following scale:
0 - No DR
1 – Mild
2 - Moderate
3 - Severe
4 - Proliferative DR
 System Requirements
Hardware Requirements:
• Processor : Dual core processor 2.6.0
GHZ
• RAM : 4 GB
• Hard disk : 160 GB
Software Requirements:
• Operating system : Windows OS ( 2007, 2008)
64 bit
• Front End : MATLAB 15
 Conclusion
In our proposed solution, Deep Neural
Network is a wholesome approach to all level of
diabetic retinopathy stages. No manual feature
extraction stages are needed. Our network
architecture with dropout techniques yielded
significant classification accuracy. This architecture
has some setbacks such as an additional stage
augmentation are needed for the images taken from a
different camera with a different field of view.
 Future Enhancement
We can also implement our whole
model as an application on mobile phones, so
as to make diabetic retinopathy detection
easier and time-saving.