Models of

Community
Organization
Three Models of Community Organization

1. Community Development
According to Kramer and Specht
refers to the effort to mobilize the people , the
victims, the unaffiliated , the unorganized and the
non-participating who are affected by the a
community condition into groups and organization
to enable them to take action on this social
problems and issues which affect them.
United Nations
The process by which the efforts of the people
themselves are united with those of the government
authorities to improve the economic, social, and
cultural conditions of the communities into life of the
nation and to enable them to contribute fully to
national progress.
3 Basic Elements of Community Development
Kenneth Maygood

a. The community is approached as a whole

The community is as seen as an integrated social
and economic system consisting of class and group
organizations that has its own patterns of social
values, attitudes, customs beliefs and diversified in
age , sex, profession, vocation , skills and social
function , changes in one part of the system will
have an effect on other parts of the system.
2. Activities undertaken correspond to the basic
needs of the community
Needs can be classified into
a. Physical – water supply, irrigation system,
schools, market, housing, roads, playgrounds
b. Economic –problems of livelihood, lack of
income, poor production of farm lots
C. Social – problems on crime and delinquency ,
drug abuse , squatters , street children , lack of
services for education , wealth recreation.
D. Psychological – sense of community , sense of
security , sense of well being , sense of
achievement
3. The educational organizational process moves
from an awareness of problems to a definition of
problems followed by a study.
done through consciousness raising on the
community problems, gathering through actual
survey of the community and from interviews of the
people so that the problems can be clearly
defined and analyzed for appropriate action.
4. Community development activities are thought
of in long range terms .
5. Widespread participation and involvement is
sought with decision making taking place at the
lowest level, consistent with the nature of the
problem .
6. The resources of both governmental and non-
governmental organizations are utilized .
7. Both professionals and lay participation are
sought in community development programs.
8. The identification , encouragement and training
of local leaders is a central feature of community
development programs.
2. Social Planning
According to Kramer and Specht
refers to the efforts directed towards integrating
the different action systems of the community with
other systems in the local community and / or with
extra community action systems , efforts in bringing
about reforms and attitudes , policies and practice
of large private and public agencies including
legal, functional and operating system.
As a process Alfred J. Kahn social planning contain
the following elements
1. research ( Fact – finding , projection and
inventory taking )
2. Value analysis and facilitation of expression of
various positions, sometimes through political
machinations.
3. Policy formulation
4. Programming
5. Measurement and feedback
In social planning outcomes are the following :
1. New policy
2. Program and policy coordination
3. Service integration
4. Innovations in program
5. Choice in priorities in any of the foregoing or for
the allocations of services
THREE LEVELS OF ACTION IN SOCIAL PLANNING
1. Societal goals- selecting social goals and setting
targets for their achievement
2. Testing consequences – application of social
values and action criteria for the assessment of
programs undertaken in the pursuit of economic
and political goals and the testing consequences .
3. Social programming – planning the more
traditional welfare activities of public and private
agencies and coordination by many groups.
To assure successful implementation of social
planning
1. Clarify goals, priorities and interests
2. Ascertain the facts , the social realities , the
trends
3. Inventory of knowledge, skills resources
available and obtainable
4. Analyze the alternatives and the predictable
outcomes of choices among them.
5. Formalize the expression of preference and the
process of choice
6. Translate policies into implications for program or
different levels of objectives
7. Measure the outcome of programs
3. SOCIAL ACTION
associated with activism , protest, rallies and
other forms of group dissent or dissatisfaction but in
CO refers to individual or group activity designed
to influence a change in social policy for the
formulation of needed policies or social legislations
for the benefit and welfare of the people .
STRATEGIES OF SOCIAL ACTION
1. Social brokerage
2. Integrative mechanisms to strengthen
organizations
3. social protest to support social movements
 Methods and Tools for Multi-Stakeholders
Participation
Participatory Methods & Tools
build the confidence of the traditionally
disadvantaged groups in their local indigenous
knowledge and collective strengths
generate constructive collaboration among different
stakeholders of development
methods can be used when undertaking
collaboratively with appropriate stakeholders the
functions of participatory planning, decision making,
monitoring and evaluation of development programs /
projects
 1. Stakeholder Analysis
Is an approach for understanding a system by
identifying the key actors or stakeholders and
their mutual relationship in the system and
assessing their respective interests and
involvements in that system
Refers to the use of a range tools for the
identification and description of stakeholders
on the basis of their attributes , interrelationships
and interests related to given initiative or
resource.
4 Basic Tools for Analysis
Participation Analysis Matrix
Task Analysis Checklist
Venn Diagrams
Influence and Importance Matrix
2. Gender Analysis
focuses on the understanding and
documenting the differences in gender roles,
activites, needs, and opportunities .
3. Force and Field Analysis
is a tool for problem solving derived from the work of
Kurt Lewin’s Field theory of Social Change . It is the
process of identifying the dimensions of a problem and
determining the strategies for solving it.
4. SWOT Analysis
tool for social analysis that focuses on the
identification of the dynamic interrelationships
between and among the strengths weaknesses of the
internal environment of the organization as well as the
opportunities and threats posed by the external
environment .
5. Appreciative Planning and Action ( APA )

Organizational development methodology

based on Appreciative Inquiry and built on
searching for the positive , for successes , for what
works as opposed to problem oriented focus of
most other planning and development strategies.
Follows the 4 d Cycle of Discovery Discovery,
dream / visioning , design / planning, destiny/
delivery
6. Participatory Rural Appraisal
Tool that emphasizes local knowledge and
enables local people to do their own appraisal ,
analysis, and planning
Uses visualization that enables participation
regardless of literacy level
Group animation and exercises to facilitate
information, sharing, analysis , and action among
stakeholders
can be used for social analysis and for
monitoring and evaluation.
7. Participatory Workshops
called action planning workshops , they are used to
bring stakeholders together for consultation , social
analysis, planning and consensus building and
evaluation .

8. Write shops
a departure from the conventional scientific
conferences , it is a method of producing information
materials or publications where the different stakeholders
( such as farmers , fisherfolks , researchers ) come
together and engage themselves in a process of pooling
resources and knowledge to document a subject of
common significance to them and larger society.
Participatory Training
training that releases energy and creativity
from the people. Characterized to be
participatory emphasizes technical competence
and permits sharing of experiences . Multi-
sectoral, multi-level and creates a relationship of
equality between trainees and trainers.