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Whiting, David R., et al. "IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030."
Risk of developing type 2 diabetes based on body mass index
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurses'_Health_Study#Design
NAURU - Micronesia
Adipocyte
Adipose Tissue
NORMAL HYPERTROPHY
Citation: Rezaee F, Dashty M (2013) Role of Adipose Tissue in Metabolic System Disorders Adipose Tissue is the Initiator of Metabolic Diseases. JDiabetes Metab
Macrophage distribution in human adipose tissue
according to obesity and T2DM
• Dyslipidemia (low HDL, high LDL and high • Tendency to form blood clots
triglycerides)
• High blood pressure
• High blood sugar (fasting above 100 mg/dL,
Hb1Ac above 5.5) • Systemic inflammation
Why and how would obesity cause inflammation
and vice versa ?
Protective mechanism
• against losing mobility or fitness
• for keeping weight within acceptable range
(?) Malfunction
• the body reacts to obesity in the same way
it would to an infection
• same intracellular inflammatory stress
pathways are activated in both obesity and
infection
Does inflammation precedes diabetes?
FACTS THAT MATTER
I. Chronic inflammatory conditions (chronic hepatitis C and reumatoid arthritis) are at higher
risk of developing T2DM
II. As fat mass expands, inflammation increases
Mechanisms:
• dysfunction of the mitochondria
• oxidative stress
III. Inflammation effect on hypothalamus leptin resistance weight gain and insulin
resistance
IV. Inflammation of the gut leptin and insulin resistance via lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Bacteria induced inflammation and metabolic
disease hypothesis
Metabolic disorder
Inflammation
Incresed endotoxemia
Increased LPS absorbtion
Increased permeability
Change gut flora (Gram negative Bacteria )
OBESITY
FFA ACTIVATION TNF-α INFLAMMATION
INSULINRESISTANCE
Insulin resistance and obesity
Concept of pathogenesis of type 2 DM
Brain insulin resistance
Genetics/epigenetics
Benign obesity
Malign obesity
Insulinresistance Hipersecretion
citokynes
Fatty acids Beta cell
dysfunction
Signaling pathways between AT, skeletal muscle and liver
FGF-21 AGF Fetuine-A
CCL2
Myostatine
Obesity
Adipo/cytokine
FFA
The more
fat tissue
Activated the more Leptin/insulin
macrophages resistance
inflammation
AGE/ROS
ß cell
failure
Hyperglicemia
The challenge of managing
diabetes and obesity
Caracteristici
Scădere în greutate de 2-3 kg/lună, scădere compatibilă cu o o stare de bine și
activitate profesională obișnuită.
25 Kcal/Kgcorp/zi, calculat la greutatea ideală
Prelungirea timpului de absorbție a HC și dispersarea uniformă a nutrienților
absorbiți
Modalități:
Se preferă carnea slabă de vită, pui fără piele, brânzeturi dietetice, pește de cel puțin 2-3 ori
/săpt; untura se va înlocui cu uleiuri vegetale; va fi evitată prepararea prin prăjire în
grăsime (se preferă fierberea, coacerea, grătarul)
uleiurile vegetale bogate în acizi polinesaturați (soia, floarea soarelui), și acizi
omega-3 (rapiță, pește gras, ulei de pește, nuci, semințe)
Vor fi evitate: alimentele cu grăsimi de tip trans (uleiuri hidrogenate-margarine). Toate aceste
măsuri pot contribui la scăderea aportului caloric și deci scăderea în greutate, dar și la
ameliorarea calității grăsimilor din dietă și, prin aceasta, la scăderea riscului
cardiovascular.
Caracteristicile dietei la
pacientul cu diabet
•Glucide 45-60%
•Proteine 12-15%
din care: 1/2 proteine animale
1/2 proteine vegetale
•Lipide < 35%
din care: 1/3 lipide animale
70% făină
50% pâine
20% cartof, orez, paste, mazăre, fasole,
banane, struguri, pere, prune
10% fructe (mere, piersici, portocale,
mandarine,kivi,pomelo,caise, cireșe, vișine)
legume (morcov, țelină, sfeclă -
preparate termic*)
5% legume cu frunze verzi, rosii, ardei ,
castraveti, ridichi, varză, conopida, vinete,dovlecei, ceapa
verde
4% lapte dulce, iaurt, sana, kefir