Session 2017-2018

Submitted to:-Dr. Alpa Yadav

Submitted by:- Sadhana Jadon
Msc. Food science 3rd sem.
16/MFS/007
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 INTRODUCTION
Microencapsulation technology allows a compound to be encapsulated
inside a tiny sphere known as microsphere/microcapsule, having an
average diameter as small as 1 mm to several hundred micro meters.
Many different active materials like drugs, enzymes, vitamins,
pesticides, flavors and catalysts have been successfully encapsulated
inside microcapsules made from a variety of polymeric and non-
polymeric materials. These microcapsules release their contents at
appropriate time by using different release mechanisms.
It is a technique by which solid, liquid or gaseous active ingredients are
packaged within a second material for the purpose of shielding the
active ingredient from the surrounding environment. Thus the active
ingredient is designated as the core material whereas the surrounding
material forms the shell. Microcapsules may be spherically shaped, with
a continuous wall surrounding the core, while others are asymmetrically
and variably shaped, with a quantity of smaller droplets of core material
embedded throughout the microcapsule. All three states of matter
(solids, liquids, and gases) may be microencapsulated. This allows liquid
and gas phase materials to be handled more easily as solids. It is one of
the effective technique for protecting volatile compounds against
evaporation, oxidation and thermal degradation.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF MICROPARTICLE
Microcapsule: The active agent forms a core surrounded by inert diffusion
barrier.
Microsphere: The active agent is dispersed or dissolved in an inert polymer.

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 Generally Micro particles consist of two components:
• Core material
• Coat or wall or shell material

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Microcapsules can be classified into three basic categories as monocored,
polycored and matrix types . Monocored microcapsules have a single hollow
chamber within the capsule. The polycore microcapsules have a number of
different sized chambers within the shell. The matrix type micro particle
has the active ingredients integrated within the matrix of the shell
material. However, the morphology of the internal structure of a micro
particle depends largely on the selected shell materials and the
microencapsulation methods that are employed.

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CORE MATERIALS
The core material, defined as the specific material to be coated, can
be liquid or solid in nature. The composition of the core material can be
varied, as the liquid core can include dispersed and/or dissolved materials.
Core materials include flavors, antimicrobial agents, nutraceutical and
therapeutic actives, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, colors, acids, alkalis,
buffers, sweeteners, nutrients, enzymes, cross-linking agents, yeasts,
chemical leavening agents, and so on. The ability to vary the core material
composition provides definite flexibility and utilization of these
characteristics often allows effectual design and development of the
desired microcapsule properties.
COATING MATERIALS
Many terms have also been used to describe the material from which
capsules are formed: carrier, coating, membrane, shell, or wall. Proteins,
polysaccharides and semi synthetic cellulose derivatives are widely used
biopolymers used in food emulsions to control their texture, microstructure
and stability. The coating material should be capable of forming a film that
is cohesive with the core material; be chemically compatible and nonreactive
with the core material; and provide the desired coating properties, such as
strength, flexibility, impermeability, optical properties, and stability. The
coating materials used in micro encapsulation methods are amenable,
to some extent, to in situ modification.
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The typical coating properties such as cohesiveness, permeability,
solubility, stability and clarity must be considered in the selection of the
proper microcapsule coating material.
Coating material properties are:
 Stabilization of core material.
 Inert toward active ingredients.
 Controlled release under specific conditions.
 Film-forming, pliable, tasteless, stable.
 Non-hygroscopic, no high viscosity, economical.
 Soluble in an aqueous media or solvent, or melting.
 The coating can be flexible, brittle, hard, thin etc.
 Examples of coating materials:
Water soluble resins – Gelatin, Gum Arabic, Starch,
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Carboxymethylcellulose, Hydroxyethylcellulose,
Methylcellulose, Arabinogalactan, Polyvinyl alcohol, Polyacrylic acid.
Water insoluble resins – Ethyl cellulose, Polyethylene,
Polymethacrylate, Polyamide (Nylon), Poly (Ethylene Vinyl
acetate),Cellulose nitrate, Silicones, Poly lactideco glycolide.
Waxes and lipids – Paraffin, Carnauba, Spermaceti, Beeswax, Stearic
acid, Stearyl alcohol, Glyceryl stearates.
Enteric resins – Shellac, Cellulose acetate phthalate, Zein.
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PURPOSE OF MICROENCAPSULATION
Microencapsulation of materials is resorted to ensure that the
encapsulated material reaches the area of action without getting
adversely affected by the environment through which it passes.
Amongst the principal reasons for encapsulation are:
1. Separation of incompatible components
2. Conversion of liquids to free flowing solids
3. Increased stability (protection of the encapsulated materials against
oxidation or deactivation due to reaction in the environment)
4. Masking of odor, taste and activity of encapsulated materials
5. Protection of the immediate environment
6. Controlled release of active compounds
(sustained or delayed release)
7. Targeted release of encapsulated
materials.

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RELEASE MECHANISM
Different release mechanisms of encapsulated materials
provide controlled, sustained or targeted release of core material.
Generally there are three different mechanisms by which the core
material is released from a microcapsule mechanical rupture of the
capsule wall, dissolution or melting of the wall, and diffusion through
the wall. Less common release mechanisms include ablation (slow
erosion of the shell) and biodegradation. The release mechanism
depends on the nature of application.
Mechanisms of drug release from microspheres are
1. Degradation controlled monolithic system
The drug is dissolved in matrix and is distributed uniformly
throughout. The drug is strongly attached to the matrix and is
released on degradation of the matrix. The diffusion of the drug is
slow as compared with degradation of the matrix.
2. Diffusion controlled monolithic system
Here the active agent is released by diffusion prior to or concurrent
with the degradation of the polymer matrix. Rate of release also
depend upon where the polymer degrades by homogeneous or
heterogeneous mechanism.
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3. Diffusion controlled reservoir system
Here the active agent is encapsulated by a rate controlling membrane
through which the agent diffuses and the membrane erodes only
after its delivery is completed. In this case, drug release is
unaffected by the degradation of the matrix.
4. Erosion
Erosion of the coat due to pH and enzymatic hydrolysis causes drug
release with certain coat material like glyceryl monostearate,
beeswax and steryl alcohol etc.

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TECHNIQUES OF
MICROENCAPSULATION

Physical process
 Air Suspension Coating
 Spray Drying
 Pan Coating
Physicochemical Process
 Coacervation
Chemical Process
 Interfacial polymerization
 In situ polymerization

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 Air Suspension method
 In the air suspension, the fine solid core materials are suspended
by a vertical current of air and sprayed with the polymeric wall
material solution.
 After the evaporation of the solvent, a layer of the encapsulating
material is deposited onto the core material.
 The process can be repeated to achieve the desired film
thickness.
 The size of the core particle of this technique is usually large.
 The air stream which supports the particles also helps to dry
them, and the rate of drying is directly proportional to the
temperature of the air stream.

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 In spray drying the liquid feed is first atomized to droplets and
contacted with a hot gas which causes the solvent of the droplets
to evaporate, leaving dried particles. The particles are
subsequently separated from .The drying gas in a cyclone or a bag
filter. Spray drying is the most widely used industrial process for
particle formation and drying. It is extremely well suited to the
continuous production of dry solids as either powder, granulates or
agglomerates from liquid
 feeds.

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PAN COATING
In pan coating, solid particles are mixed with a dry coating material
and the temperature is raised so that the coating material melts
and encloses the core particles, and then is solidified by cooling; or,
the coating material can be gradually applied to core particles
tumbling in a vessel rather than being wholly mixed with the core
particles from the start of encapsulation.

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 Coacervation
There are two methods for coacervation are available, namely simple
and complex processes. The mechanism of microcapsule formation is
identical, except for the way in which the phase separation is carried
out.
In simple coacervation: a desolvation agent is added for phase
separation whereas complex coacervation involves complexation
between two oppositely charged polymers.
The three basic steps in complex coacervation are:
 Formation of three immiscible phases
 Deposition of the liquid polymer coating on the core material
 Rigidizing of the coating material
 Step-1: The first step of coacervation phase separation involves the
formation of three immiscible chemical phases: a liquid vehicle
phase, a coating material phase and a core material phase

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The core material is dispersed in a solution of the coating polymer.
The coating material phase, an immiscible polymer in a liquid state is
formed by
 Changing temperature of polymer solution
 Addition of salt
 Addition of non solvent
 Addition of incompatible polymer to the polymer solution.
 Inducing polymer
Step-2: It involves the deposition of the liquid polymer coating upon
the core material.
Finally: The prepared microcapsules are stabilized by crosslinking,
desolvation or thermal
treatment.

(a) Core material dispersion in solution of shell polymer; (b) Separation of

coacervate from solution;
(c) Coating of core material by micro droplets of coacervate; (d) Coalescence of
coacervate to form continuous shell around core particles 16
 Chemical methods
Interfacial Polymerization (IFP)
Interfacial polymerization (IFP) is another chemical
method of microencapsulation. This technique is characterized by
wall formation via the rapid polymerization of monomers at the
surface of the droplets or particles of dispersed core material. A
multifunctional monomer is dissolved in the core material, and this
solution is dispersed in an aqueous phase. A reactant to the monomer
is added to the aqueous phase, and polymerization quickly ensues at
the surfaces of the core droplets, forming the capsule walls. IFP can
be used to prepare bigger microcapsules, but most commercial IFP
processes produce smaller capsules in the 20-30 micron diameter
range for herbicides and pesticide uses, or even smaller 3-6 micron
diameter range for carbonless paper ink.

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 IN SITU POLYMERIZATION
In situ polymerization is a chemical encapsulation technique very
similar to interfacial polymerization. The distinguishing
characteristic of in situ polymerization is that no reactants are
included in the core material. All polymerization occurs in the
continuous phase, rather than on both sides of the interface
between the continuous phase and the core material, as in IFP.
Examples of this method include urea-formaldehyde (UF) and
melamine formaldehyde (MF) encapsulation systems.

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General purpose for microencapsulation are to make liquids behave
like solids, separate reactive materials, reduce material toxicity,
provide environmental protection to compounds, alter surface
properties of the materials, control release of materials, reduce
volality or flammability of liquids and mask the taste of bitter
compounds. Classes of materials relating to food products which
has been encapsulated include acids, bases, amino acids, colorants,
enzymes, flavors, fats and oils, vitamins and minerals, salts,
sweeteners and gases.

 It facilitates the addition of liquid flavor oils to dry ingredients

and provide protection against oxidation and other deteriorative
changes.
 It improves the flow properties. e.g. Thiamine, Riboflavin
 To enhance the stability. e.g. Vitamins

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 Encapsulation of enzyme systems responsible for ripening
increases the local concentration of both substrate and enzymes
in cheese and reduces losses in whey. Also, enzymes are
protected from low pH and high ionic strength that exists in
cheese.
 Encapsulated lactic acid and GDL improve flavor and color of
streaks made from cured, hot processed pork.
 Microencapsulated flavor provide the convenience of a solid form
over a liquid one with reduced volatility and less oxidation. e.g.
citrus oils, mint oils
 Microencapsulation controls the release of sweetness in chewing
gums.
 To reduce the volatility of materials. e.g. Peppermint oil, methyl
salicylate

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CONCLUSION

Microencapsulation has been applied in a wide variety of products

from different areas, and studies have shown an enormous
potential to provide the core with advantageous features, resulting
in superior quality products, including in the food industry.
However, much effort through research and development is still
needed to identify and develop new wall materials and to improve
and optimize the existing methods of encapsulation for the better
use of microencapsulation and its potential applications.

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THANK YOU

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