Wave Load

Muhammad Daffa Ferdiansyah

(113170114)
 Large forces result when waves strike a platform’s deck and
equipment. Where insufficient air gap exists, all actions resulting from
waves, including buoyancy, inertia, drag and slam, should be taken into
account (see ISO 19901-1 and ISO 19902).
Typically, waves in the ocean often appear as a confused and
constantly changing sea of crests and troughs on the water’s surface
because of the irregularity of wave shape and the variability in the
direction of propagation.
Theory
• The Airy and Stokes Theories
Predict wave behavior better where water depth relative to
wavelength is not too small.
• Korteweg and DeVries Theories
Provides a reliable prediction of the waveform and associated
motions for some conditions.
• Masc and Wiegel
The work involved in using conidial wave theory has been
substantially reduced by the introduction of graphical and tubular forms
of function, however, application of the theory is still complex.
• The Stream Function Theory
The stream function method covers the broadest range of
dimensionless wave steepness (H/gT) and dimensionless relative depth
(d/gT ), where d is the mean water depth, T is the wave period, H is the
wave height, and g is the acceleration of gravity.
The sea state (E) is calculated by dividing a waveform into small slides,
noting that for each slide, the height, Hi, is squared, and then the values
for all the slides are added together and averaged. Then E is calculated
as:
Metocean data serve as the basis for Figure 2.4, which shows the probability of wave
height at a particular platform location. Sample metocean data are shown in Table 2.18.
Equation to calculate the wave forces
Equation to calculate the wave velocity
Equation to calculate the wave accelaration
Figure 2.5 shows a two-dimensional, simple progressive wave propagation in the
positive x-direction. The symbol η denotes the displacement of the water surface relative
to the SWL, which is a function of x and time, t, at the wave crest, η, equal to one-half of
the wave height.
Water particles generally move in elliptical paths in shallow water or transitional water and in
circular paths in deep water (see Figure 2.6). If the mean particle position is considered to be
at the center of the ellipse or circle, then vertical particle displacement with respect to the
mean position cannot exceed one-half the wave height.
Figure 2.7 presents the horizontal and vertical velocities and acceleration for various
locations of the particles, which is very important in calculating the wave forces on any
subsea structural member, as the drag force and inertia force are functions of the particle
velocity and acceleration, respectively.
Practical wave force theories concerning actual offshore platforms were
not developed until 1950, when the Morison equation was presented and
the wave forces on a vertical pipe were shown to be as illustrated in
Figure 2.8:

where FD is the drag force and

FI is the inertia force.
Drag force
The drag force due to a wave acting on an object can be found by:

where FD is the drag force (N), Cd is the drag coefficient (no units), V
is the velocity of the object (m/s), A is the projected area (m2) and ρ is
the density of water (kg/m3).
Inertia force
The inertia force due to a wave acting on an object can be found by:

where FI is the inertia force (N), Cm is the mass coefficient (no units), a
is the horizontal water particle acceleration (m2/s), D is the diameter of
the cylinder (m) and ρ is the density of water (kg/m3).
Comparison of Wind and Wave Calculations
Calculation of the force affecting the structure due to wind takes the drag force into
consideration and neglects the inertia force, but in the case of waves, drag force and
inertia force are considered in the calculation.
Conductor Shielding Factor
Depending on the configuration of the structure, the number of well
conductors can add a significant portion to the total wave forces. If the conductors
are closely spaced, the forces on them may be reduced by hydrodynamic shielding.
However, there will be no reduction factor due to shielding when the spacing
between conductors is equal to or greater than 4 times the conductor diameter. With
closer spacing, the following equation can be applied:

where Sf is the shielding reduction factor, S is the spacing between conductors, and
Dc is the conductor diameter.