DESIGN OF SURFACES AND

GUIDEWAYS
Highway Pavement

 Is the durable surface material laid down on

an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot
traffic, such as a road surfaces, cobblestone
and granite setts were extensively used, but
these surfaces have mostly been replaced by
asphalt or concrete.
SUBGRADE

 The load is transferred by the sub-grade

effectively to the earth mass. However, the
locally available earth is used to construct the
sub-grade but it becomes necessary that the
sub-grade should be of required strength.
BASE COURSE and SUB-BASE

 Base course and sub-base course is used in

the flexible pavement to disperse the
upcoming loads to large area through a finite
thickness, so as to increase the load bearing
capacity of the pavement.
SURFACE COURSE

 The top most layer serves as the smooth

riding surface for the traffic, and it wears all
the abrading forces. The top most layer is
constructed with the superior quality of
aggregates because it has to wear the
maximum intensity of loads.
TWO PAVEMENT TYPES:
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT (or Asphalt
Concrete Pavement)
 -asphalt concrete, commonly called asphalt
tarmac, pavement or black top, is a composite
material used in the construction of roadways and
parking lots. This composite is a mixture of
petroleum by product, asphaltic bitumen and
aggregates materials. In asphalt concrete, the
asphaltic bitumen acts as a sort of glue that binds
the aggregate pieces together.
RIGID PAVEMENT (or Portland Cement
Concrete Pavement)
 -Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement,
or rigid pavement as it is sometimes called,
refers to the rigid concrete layer of the
pavement structure that is in direct contact
with the traffic. PCC pavements are subject to
challenging environments and loads over
their lifetimes, so the concrete must be
strong and durable, yet cost effective and
workable.
CONCRETE ROADS
ADVANTAGES
Durability and maintenance
free life
 Concrete roads have a long service life of
forty years, whereas asphalt roads last for ten
years. More over, during this service life
concrete road do not require frequent repair
or patching work like asphalt roads.
Vehicles consume less fuel

 A vehicle, when run over a concrete road,

consumes 15-20% less fuel than that on
asphalt roads.
Resistant to automobile fuel
spillage and extreme
weather.
 Unlike asphalt roads, concrete roads do not
get damaged by the leaking oils from the
vehicles or the extreme weather conditions
like excess rain or extreme heat.
Greener Process

 Asphalt (bitumen) produces lots of highly

polluting gases at the time of melting it for
paving. Also, less fuel consumption by the
vehicle running on a concrete road means less
pollution.
Saving of Natural Resources

 Concrete (cement) is produced from

abundantly available limestone.
DISADVANTAGES
Paving Cost

 The paving cost of the concrete road is little

higher compared to asphalt paving
Maintenance Problem

 In case the concrete road breaks, the whole

concrete slab needs to be replaced.
Safety Features

 In case the concrete road breaks, the whole

concrete slab needs to be replaced.
ASPHALT ROADS
ADVANTAGES
Economical

 Asphalt is still less costly compared to

concrete. Moreover, it takes less time to build
an asphalt road than a concrete road (asphalt
dries faster).
Easy Maintenance

 Repairing just a part of the asphalt road is

easily possible. Asphalt roads even can be
relayered over the old layer.
Recyclable

 Asphalt is a recyclable material. It can be used

again by melting it. Not only can the
aggregates be reused, but the asphalt
cement binder also retains its cementing
properties and can be reused in a new mix.
Safe

 Asphalt roads provide better traction and skid

resistance for vehicles. Asphalt tends to help
keep roads free from ice and snow. The dark
color of asphalt reduces glare, helps melt ice
and snow, and provides and high contrast for
lane markings.
DISADVANTAGES
Durability

 Heavy rain and other extreme weather

conditions damage the asphalt road, and the
roads need to be repaired frequently
Weather Pollution

 Melting asphalt produces lots of harmful

green house gases. Also costly petroleum is
required to produce asphalt.
Design Methods for Asphalt
Pavement
 Design by Precedent
Many agencies, particularly those of small cities
and countries that do not have laboratory
equipment or personnel, rely almost entirely on
precedent in making pavement designs. The rule
for residential subdivisions of a western city of
moderate sizes furnishes an illustration. It calls for
6 in. of compacted base course from a local
quarry topped by 2 in. of asphalt concrete
surfacing.
 California (Hveem) Method
Three factors that affect permanent deformation
are considered in this method. They are:
1. The effect of traffic, normally expressed as
number of equivalent 18,000 lb axle load
2. The strength characteristics (R-value) of the soil
and base (or subbase) materials as measured in the
stabilometer test
3. The tensile strength characteristics of the
materials above the subgrade as measured in the
Hveem cohesivemeter, started as a gravel
equivalency factor (Gf).
Portland Cement Association Design Method
The fundamental assumptions underlying this
method are:
1. Slabs will be of uniform thickness
2. Critical stresses occur when tires are positioned
at the edge of the transverse joint and directly
under the point where load repetitions are most
frequent.
3. Maximum tensile stress occurs in the bottom of
the slab directly under the load; the moments
producing it act in a vertical plane parallel to the
joint edge
4. Although provision for effective load transfer
across transverse joints is essential to prevent
faulting, no credit is taken for the resulting
reduction in stress.
5. The design aims to prevent fatigue failure from
flexure under repeated loads.
PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE
 Refers to action that are corrective and
preventive.
 RECONSTRUCTION- refers to the removal of
existing pavement and replacing them with a
new pavement and under course.
 OVERLAY- could be either by portland cement or
asphalt concrete laid on an existing pavement.
 RECYCLING- the repeated use of existing
material working on asphalt materials portland
cement or lime.
Railroad Track
 Rail tracks (also railway tracks, railroad tracks
(US)) are the surface structures that support
and guide trains or other rail- guided
transportation vehicles.
MAJOR TRACK
COMPONENTS
BALLAST
Ballast has numerous functions, which include:

 Provide vertical and lateral stability to the

track
 Drain water adequately
 Allow the track to be adjusted by manual or
mechanical means
 Adequately spread the load to the next layer
in the track substructure
TIE
A railroad tie/railway tie/crosstie (North
America), or railway sleeper (Europe, Australia
and Asia) is a rectangular support for the rails in
railroads tracks. Generally laid perpendicular to
the rails, ties transfer loads to the track ballast
and subgrade, hold the rails upright, and keep
them spaced to the correct gauge.
 Dimentions:
Depth of 7 in, width: 8-9 ft for ordinary
track, but up to 22ft for ties used in turnouts
and crossovers.
 Tie spacing:
minimum of 10 in face to- face to allow
tamping of ballast under them
actual spacing: 19.50-22.25 in
RAIL
 Rails support and provide guidance for the
flanged wheels on rail vehicles and transmit
wheel loads to the ties.
 Rail weights: 85 lb/yd -150 lb/yd
 Rail is graded by weight over a standard
length. Heavier rail can support greater axle
loads and higher train speeds without
sustaining damage than lighter rail, but at a
greater cost.
GUIDEWAYS

 The guideway is one of the important elements

of machine tool. The main function of the
guideway is to make sure that the cutting tool
or machine tool operative element moves along
predetermined path.
 The machine tool operative element carries
workpiece along with it. The motion is generally
circular for boring mills, vertical lathe, etc. while
it is straight line lathe, drilling, boring
machines, etc.
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