Reference Material III Active Filters All Orders

Ch7 Operational Amplifiers and Op Amp Circuits
7.3 Active Filter
Key Words:
Basic Filter Responses
Low-Pass Filter
High-Pass Filter
Band-Pass Filter
Band-Stop Filter
7.3 Active Filter

Basic Filter Responses
.
Vi(t) Filter .V (t)
o vO ( s )
voltage gain A( s) 
vi ( s )
S  j  Vo ( j )
Basic Filter Responses A( j )   A( j )  ( j )

Vi ( j )
Low-Pass Filter
bandwidth Transition region
stopband region
cutoff frequency
Active Filter
Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter

 1 j
 VO 1 / j c 1 0
A    
1    
2
Vi R 1 j 
j c 0 1    
 0
1
(O  )
RC
  
  tg 1  45
0
0
7.3 Active Filter

High-Pass Filter

 VO R 1 1
A   

1 1 o
Vi R 1 1 j
j c jRc 
Active Filter
Advantages of Filter
1
 
1  1  RL
| A |max  1 V ( R // ) 
R  jc 

 i L
j c   1  jcRL
A 
 L
1

1   RL
(R  // RL ) Vi R   1  jc  R
j c R  1  jcRL
 L 
RL

R Rj  c
( R  RL )(1  L )
RL  R

RL /( R  RL ) Av
RL  
1  j cR'L 1  j 
O '
 1
where AV  RL ( R  RL ) O ' 
RL ' C
Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter
-20dB/decade
1
Vi ( j )
VO ( j ) j c 1 1
A( j )  
  
Vi ( j ) 
)Vi ( j ) 1  j cR 1  j
1
(R 
j c O
Real Filters
• The approximations to the ideal filter are the:
–Butterworth filter
–Chebyshev filter
–Cauer (Elliptic) filter
–Bessel filter
Standard Transfer Functions
• Butterworth
– Flat Pass-band.
– 20n dB per decade roll-off.
• Chebyshev
– Pass-band ripple.
– Sharper cut-off than Butterworth.
• Elliptic
– Pass-band and stop-band ripple.
– Even sharper cut-off.
• Bessel
– Linear phase response – i.e. no signal distortion in pass-
band.
Butterworth Filters
The magnitude response of a

Butterworth filter.
Butterworth Filters
Magnitude response for Butterworth filters of various order with 

= 1. Note that as the order increases, the response approaches the
ideal brickwall type transmission.
Operational Amplifiers and Op Amp Circuits
Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter
AV Rf
1
R1

-20dB/decade
0 
1
f0 
2RC
1 Rf
Vi  1
 R   R  j c VO ( j ) R1 AVF
V0  V   1  f    1  f  A( j )   
 R1   R1  R  1 Vi ( j ) 1  j cR 1  j 
j c O
First-order (one-pole) Filter

Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter
AV Rf
1
R1

-20dB/decade

-40dB/decade
0 
 R  1
V0  V  1  f  f0 
 R1  2RC
1
Vi  VO ( j )
 R  j c A( j )   AVF 
1
 1  f  Vi ( j ) 1  3 jRC  ( jRC ) 2
 R1 R  1 / /R  1 
 j c   jc 

Second-order (two-pole) Filter

Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter
Voltage-controlled voltage source V  V 
R3
R3  R f
(VCVS) filter
A
For simplicity, R1  R2  R C1  C2  C

 Vo Af
A  1

1  (3  A f ) jRC  ( jRC ) 2 Q
Vi 3  Af
Af
 Rf
f 2 1 f Af  1 
1 ( )  j R3
f0 Q f0
Design a second order low pass filter at a high
cutoff frequency of 1 kHz ,C = 0.0047μF, R3=
27k, R2=R1=33k .(AF=1.586)
Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter
Voltage-controlled voltage source    R f R3
V o VV  V
1    V  Af
 RR33  R f
(VCVS) filter
A
For simplicity, R1  R2  R C1  C2  C
   Rf
V o  V   1   V  Af
 
R3
Using super position: R //  R  1  1
 
 j c  j c
V  1  V 0  
1  1  R 1
 R //  R  
jc  j  c  j c
V o  V1  V2   Af

1
 
j c
V 2   V 1 
1  1 
R //  R  
jc  j c 
Active Filter
High-Pass Filter

 VO R 1 1
A   

1 1 o
Vi R 1 1 j
j c jRc 
Active Filter
High-Pass Filter
1
1 SRC 1
• Transfer functions: AL    SRC
 AH
1  j RC 1
1
SRC
• Circuit: R↔C
• Frequency domain
Active Filter
Band-Pass Filter
Vi Vo
Low-Pass High-Pass
A A A
A A A
A
Aff AAf f Af f
A
1 1
ωH ω ωL ω ωL ωH ω
Lower-frequency Upper-frequency
Active Filter
Band-Stop Filter
Low-Pass
Vi Vo
High-Pass
A A A
A A A
AA
f f 1 A
Af AA
f f
ωh ωL ω ωh ωL ω
Active Filter
Example 2 For the circuit shown, show that what it is filter?
vO v
  i
R f // Z C R1

1
 Vo  R f // Z C Rf j c
A 
  
R1 R1 1
Vi Rf 
j c
Rf 1 1
   AVF 
(a) R1 1  jR f c 
1 j
o
7.3 Active Filter

vo vi
 
Rf R1  Z C
Rf
  Vi 
 Vo R1  Z C 1
A    R f 
Vi 1
Vi R1 
j c
R 1 1
 f   AVF 
(b) R1 1  1 / jR1C 
1 j o

7.3 Active Filter

(c)
7.3 Active Filter

7.3 Active Filter

vO v
  i
R f // Z C R1

1
 Vo  R f // Z C Rf j c
A 
  
R1 R1 1
Vi Rf 
j c
Rf 1 1
   AVF 
(a) R1 1  jR f c 
1 j
o
The Inverting First-order Low-Pass Filter.

7.3 Active Filter

vo vi
 
Rf R1  Z C
Rf
  Vi 
 Vo R1  Z C 1
A    R f 
Vi 1
Vi R1 
j c
R 1 1
 f   AVF 
(b) R1 1  1 / jR1C 
1 j o

The Inverting First-order High-Pass Filter.

7.3 Active Filter

(c)
The Non-Inverting Band-Stop Filter(Second-order).
7.3 Active Filter

The Inverting Band-Pass Filter. The Inverting High-Pass Filter.

(Second-order) (Second-order)
Two-Stage Band-Pass Filter
C2 R4
+V
R2 R1 +V
+ C4 C3
vin +
C1 - R3
Rf1 - vout
-V
Rf3
-V
Rf2
Rf4
Stage 1 Stage 2
Two-pole low-pass Two-pole high-pass
Av
Stage 2 Stage 1
response BW response
BW = f2 – f1
Q = f0 / BW
f
f1 fo f2
31
• Design a wide band filter with fL= 200Hz,
fH= 1kHz and a pass band gain = 8. Draw
the frequency response plot of this filter and
calculate the value of Q for the filter.
Input frequency Gain Gain (db)
(Hz)
10
10kHz
32
Notch filter
33
Op Amp Positive Feedback
Key Words:
Positive Feedback
The Comparator
Oscillator

Positive Feedback
Positive feedback drives op amp

into saturation: VoutVsaturation

Positive Feedback
vout  A( v  v )  Av
vout  vIN
 A(  R1  vIN )
R1  R2
 R1 
 1  
 R1  R2 
vout  AvIN
 AR1 

 R R 
 1 2 
R2
R1  R2 R2
 AvIN    vIN
AR1 R1

R1  R2
7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

The Comparator
The op amp is often used as a comparator.
The output voltage exhibits two stable states. The output
state depends on the relative value of one input voltage
compared to the other input voltage.
Threshold voltages
vi  VR ,
vi  VR ,
VO  VO H
VO  VO L
vi ( VR )  VTH

The Comparator

The Comparator

The Comparator vi
R1
- vO
t
+
vO
VOH
R1
- vO vo’ t
VOL
+ C
R vo ’
t
R1
- vO v’O
vL
v
vLL
+ C
R RL
t

The Comparator
vi  0 , vO  (VZ  VD ) ( VO  VZ )
vi  0 , vO  VZ  VD

The Comparator
Transmission characteristics

The Comparator with Positive Feedback
Positive feedback is often used with comparator circuits. The
feedback is applied from the output to the non-inverting input
of the op amp.

The Comparator with Positive Feedback

The Comparator (Schmidt trigger)
The input has to change sufficiently to

trigger a change. e.g.( -7.5V 7.5V)
Only at vi  7.5V, v0 is switched from
15V to -15V.
hysteresis

When vi（<0）<V+，vO=VO+ >0，
RF
V1  VTH 1  (VR  VO )  VO
R2  RF
1
 ( RFVR  R2Vo )
R2  R F
When vi>VTH1，vOVO- <0，

RF
V 2  VTH 2  (VR  VO )  VO
VTH2 VTH1 R2  RF
1 
 ( RFVR  R2VO )
R2  R F
R2
VH  VTH 1  VTH 2  (VO  V O )
R2  RF

Why is hysteresis useful?
e.g., analog to digital


Without hysteresis

Oscillator — can create a clock

There’s a better way…----triangular-wave generator

Key Words:
Positive Feedback
The Comparator
Oscillator

Positive Feedback
Positive feedback drives op amp

into saturation: VoutVsaturation
OSCILLATORS
• RC Oscillator
– RC Phase shift Oscillator
– Wien bridge Oscillator
• LC Oscillator
– Hartley Oscillator
– Colpitts Oscillator
– Clap Oscillator
• Crystal Oscillator

The Wien-Bridge Oscillator (RC Oscillator )
Op Amp Circuits
Positive Feedback
Lead-lag network

The Wien-Bridge Oscillator
1
 R
c

1
 R
c
-

-

The Wien-Bridge Oscillator 1
 R //
 Vf j c 1 1
Vf

1
AV 
  
 1 1 1 1
 V O R   R // R  3  j ( cR  )
VO 3 j c j c j c  cR
max 1
1
R //
j c
1
The phase shift through the network is 0 for  cR 
 cR
1
 2 f o Rc 
2 f o Rc
1
fo 
2 Rc
 
 V 1

f
  
f f
V 1  Vo 32  (  o ) 2
f  0 A  
f

f f ) fo f
VO 3  j(  o 
fo f   f  arctg (
1 f f
 o)

 3 fo f

 
 VO VO R1  R2 R2
AVF  
   1 
R1  R1 R1
V R1 VO
R1  R2
Loop gain of
 1 causes a sustained constant
output | AVF F |  1
1  1
When f o  AV 
2RC 3
 1
 AVF  3
F
R2
1 3 R2  2R1
R1

All practical methods to achieve

stability for feedback oscillators
require the gain to be self-
adjusting. This requirement is a
form of automatic gain control.
 
| AVF F |  1 Negative temperature



coefficient
VO R 1
AVF  
 1 2 FV 
V R1 R1 3
R2
1 3
R1

The LC Oscillator
1 1
( R  jL)  j L
Impedance Z  j c j c

(1 j c )  ( R  j L) R  j ( L  1 )
c
L
RC ZO
 
1 L   f f
1 1 j  (  o ) 1  jQ(  o )
f0  LC R o  fo f
2 LC
 ZO
 Z 
f f
0 L  1  Q 2 (  o )2
Q --Quality Factor  fo f
R  f f
| Ic || IL |  | I |   arctgQ(  o )
 fo f

The LC Oscillator Frequency response curve
 ZO larger
 Z 
f f
 1  Q 2 (  o )2 smaller
 fo f
 f f
  arctgQ(  o )
 fo f
Resistors Circuit
larger
Inductance Circuit
smaller
1 f
Q(  o2 )
fo f 2
 f f  fo   f  f0  Q
1 f fo
1  Q 2 (  o2 )2 Capacitance Circuit
fo f
RC phase shift Oscillator
Hartley Oscillator
Colpitts Oscillator

The RC(Phase-Shift) Oscillator

The LC Oscillator

The LC Oscillator
 +Vcc
+Vcc
Vo


 Vo

 Vo i
V
 i
Vi V

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Ch7 Operational Amplifiers and Op Amp Circuits

7.3 Active Filter

7.3 Active Filter

bandwidth Transition region

7.3 Active Filter

The magnitude response of a

Magnitude response for Butterworth filters of various order with 

First-order (one-pole) Filter

Second-order (two-pole) Filter

7.3 Active Filter

7.3 Active Filter

7.3 Active Filter

7.3 Active Filter

The Inverting First-order Low-Pass Filter.

7.3 Active Filter

The Inverting First-order High-Pass Filter.

7.3 Active Filter

7.3 Active Filter

The Inverting Band-Pass Filter. The Inverting High-Pass Filter.

Op Amp Positive Feedback

Op Amp Positive Feedback

Positive feedback drives op amp

Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

The input has to change sufficiently to

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

When vi>VTH1，vOVO- <0，

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

Why is hysteresis useful?

e.g., analog to digital

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

There’s a better way…----triangular-wave generator

Op Amp Positive Feedback

Op Amp Positive Feedback

Positive feedback drives op amp

Op Amp Positive Feedback

Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

All practical methods to achieve

Op Amp Positive Feedback

Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

7.4 Op Amp Positive Feedback

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