Presented By:

BIKRAM KR SINGH
15EJJEE016
EE ,FINAL YEAR
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 HISTORY
2.WHY WIND ENERGY IS REQUIRED?
3. POWER IN THE WIND
4. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
5. THE TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
5.1 INDUCTION GENERATOR
5.2 SYNCHRONOUS GENERARATOR
5.3 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE WITHOUT GEAR
5.4 WIND TURBINES
6.1 ADVANTAGES
6.2 DISADVANTAGES
7. CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

• Wind or air in motion contains the “kinetic

energy”,which is converted into mechanical power by
means of a wind turbine.
• wind strikes in wind turbine blade as shown the fig-1.
• The wind turbine is connected to a generator
for producing electricity.
• The potential for wind energy is immense,and
experts suggest wind power can supply up to
20% of world electricity
• Betz’ law
 HISTORY
 Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the
wind.
 For more than two millennia wind-powered machines have ground grai
n and pumped water.
 Wind power was widely available and not confined to the banks of fast
-flowing streams, or later, requiring sources of fuel.
 Wind-powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands, and in ar
id regions such as the American mid-west or the Australian outback, wi
nd pumps provided water for live stock and steam engines.
 With the development of electric power, wind power found new applic
ations in lighting buildings remote from centrally-generated power.
 Throughout the 20th century parallel paths developed distributed small
wind plants suitable for farms or residences, and larger utility-scale wi
nd generators that could be connected to electricity grids for remote us
e of power.
 Today wind powered generators operate in every size range between ti
ny plants for battery charging at isolated residences, up to near-gigawat
t sized offshore wind farms that provide electricity to national electrica
l networks.
 All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately
comes from the sun

 The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun

 About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy

(which is about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to
biomass by all plants on earth

 Differential heating of the earth’s surface

and atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal
air currents that are affected by the earth’s
rotation and contours of the land  WIND.
~ e.g.: Land Sea Breeze Cycle
1.The Cheapest source of electrical energy
2. Wind Turbine Technology is available which is technically
feasible.
3. No marketing risks, as the product is Electrical energy.
4. Wind Energy is considered as an important input for the
economic development of any country.
5. This led to a search for environmental friendly renewable
Energy sources.
6. Wind mill can be constructed near the load centre.
7. Wind mill can be immediately erected with in one month.
8. Can supply up to 20% of electricity demand.
P/m^2 = 6.1 x 10^-4 v^3

*The power in wind is

proportional to the cubic wind
speed ( v^3 ).
WHY?
~ Kinetic energy of an air mass
is proportional to v^2
~ Amount of air mass moving
past a given point is proportional
to wind velocity (v)
 A Windmill captures
wind energy and then
uses a generator to
convert it to electrical
energy.
 The design of a windmill
is an integral part of
how efficient it will be.
 When designing a
windmill, one must
decide on the size of the
turbine, and the size of
the generator.
LARGE TURBINES:

• Able to deliver electricity at lower cost

than smaller turbines, because foundation
costs, planning costs, etc. are independent
of size.

• Well-suited for offshore wind plants.

• In areas where it is difficult to find sites,

one large turbine on a tall tower uses the
wind extremely efficiently.
SMALL TURBINES:
 Local electrical grids may not be able to handle the large electrical
output from a large turbine, so smaller turbines may be more
suitable.
 High costs for foundations for large turbines may not be
economical in some areas.
 Landscape considerations
1.Horizontal Turbine
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT)
have the main rotor shaft and electrical
generator at the top of a tower, and
must be pointed into the wind.
2.Vertical Turbine
Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are
a type of wind turbine where the main r
otor shaft is set vertically and the main c
omponents are located at the base of th
e turbine.
Wind Turbines: Number of Blades

 Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most important reason is the
stability of the turbine. A rotor with an odd number of rotor blades (and at least three
blades) can be considered to be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic
properties of the machine.
 A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability problems for a machine
with a stiff structure. The reason is that at the very moment when the uppermost blade
bends backwards, because it gets the maximum power from the wind, the lowermost
blade passes into the wind shade in front of the tower.
 WORLD’S LARGEST TURBINE
 The German RePower turbines ha
ve a power output of 5 Megawatts
.
 It has rotor blade diameter of 126
metres sweeping an area of over 1
2,000 square metres.
 Maximum power output is achieve
d at around 30 mph, but a couple
of MW are generated even in a fre
sh breeze.
 Rotors start turning at around 7 m
ph, and are automatically braked a
t 70mph.
• The generator is attached
at one end to the wind
turbine, which provides
the mechanical energy.
• At the other end, the
generator is connected to
the electrical grid.
• Wind power generators
convert wind energy
(mechanical energy) to
electrical energy.
• The generator needs to
have a cooling system to
make sure there is no
overheating.
SMALL GENERATORS:
 Require less force to turn than a larger ones, but give much lower
power output.
 Less efficient
i.e.. If you fit a large wind turbine rotor with a small generator it
will be producing electricity during many hours of the year, but it
will capture only a small part of the energy content of the wind at
high wind speeds.

LARGE GENERATORS:
 Very efficient at high wind speeds, but unable to turn at low wind
speeds.
i.e.. If the generator has larger coils, and/or a stronger internal
magnet, it will require more force (mechanical) to start in motion.
Induction Generator:
 The electrical power by the induction generator and is transmitted to
grid by the stator winding.
 The stator winding is connected to the grid by the wind turbine.
 The pitch angle is controlled in order to limit the generator out put
power to its nominal value for high wind speeds.
 But the speed variation is typically so small that the wind turbine
induction generator is considered to be a fixed speed wind generator.
 The reactive power absorbed by the induction generator is provided
by the grid or by the some devices like capacitor banks, SUC,
STATCOM or synchronous condenser.
 It acts like load of its rated power at time of starting the flow this
energy conversion
Working principle of induction Generator
•When wind changes its direction wind wane senses
direction of wind and sends the signal to controller. Then it
sends signal to the yaw motor. Yaw motor will bring the
wind turbine blades perpendicular to the flow of wind.
Output of turbine is connected to high speed generator
through the low speed shaft and gear mechanism.
•When wind velocity is less than minimum velocity
required to run the turbine and greater than maximum
permissible velocity, then pitch control turns the blades
parallel to the wind direction, then wind turbine will
shutdown.
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE WITHOUT GEAR

1.Rotor blade
2.Wind measurement
device
3.Synchronous
Generator
4.Winch
5.Nacelle control
cabinet
6.Yaw drives
7.Blade adapter
8.Pitch drive
Single-line diagram of Synchronous machine connected to
grid
Wind machine with a gear system

Figure: Wind machine with a gear system

 COST OF WIND TURBINE
1.Installation costs are typically $125,000.
Therefore, the total costs will be about $575,000.

2.The average price for large, modern wind farms is ar

ound $1,000 per kilowatt electrical power installed.

3. Modern wind turbines are designed to work for some 120,000

hours of operation throughout their design lifetime of 20 years. (
13.7 years non-stop)

4. A typical 600 kW turbine costs about $450,000.

Maintenance costs are about 1.5-2.0 percent of the original cost,
per year.
• Winds are influenced by the ground surface at altitudes up to
100 meters.
• Wind is slowed by the surface roughness and obstacles.
• When dealing with wind energy, we are concerned with
surface winds.
• A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the
force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the
rotor blades.
• The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor
depends on the density of the air, the rotor area, and the wind
speed.
• The kinetic energy of a moving body is proportional to its
mass (or weight). The kinetic energy in the wind thus depends
on the density of the air, i.e. its mass per unit of volume.
In other words, the "heavier" the air, the more energy is
received by the turbine.

•at 15° Celsius air weighs about 1.225 kg per cubic meter,
but the density decreases slightly with increasing humidity.
 The U.S. currently has more than 1,600 MW of installed
capacity and produces about 3 billion KWh of electricity
each year.
 This is enough to meet the annual residential needs of 1
million people.

 More than 90 percent of this power is produced by three

wind farms in California (Altamont Pass, Tehachapi and
Palm Springs).
• The U.S. contains enough useable wind resource to produce
more electricity than the nation currently uses.
• The majority of this usable resource is in the Great Plains
region. North Dakota alone has enough suitable wind
resource to supply 36 percent of the electricity consumed in
the U.S.
• In addition, development of major global wind energy
markets could significantly impact jobs—recent studies show
that each billion kilowatt-hours of annual wind energy
generation creates between 440 to 460 jobs.
Advantages of Wind Energy
• The wind blows day and night, which allows windmills to produce
electricity throughout the day. (Faster during the day)
• Energy output from a wind turbine will vary as the wind varies, although
the most rapid variations will to some extent be compensated for by the
inertia of the wind turbine rotor.
•Wind turbines take up less space than the average power station.
Windmills only have to occupy a few square meters for the base, this
allows the land around the turbine to be used for many purposes, for
example agriculture.
• The decreasing cost of wind power and the growing interest in
renewable energy sources should ensure that wind power will become a
viable energy source in the United States and worldwide.
•Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in remote locations,
such as mountain communities and remote countryside. Wind turbines can
be a range of different sizes in order to support varying population levels.
 The main disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds unreliabilit
y factor. In many areas, the winds strength is too low to support a wind turbine
or wind farm, and this is where the use of solar power or geothermal power co
uld be great alternatives.
 Wind turbines generally produce allot less electricity than the average fossil fu
elled power station, requiring multiple wind turbines to be built in order to ma
ke an impact.
 Wind turbine construction can be very expensive and costly to surrounding wil
dlife during the build process.
 The noise pollution from commercial wind turbines is sometimes similar to a s
mall jet engine.
 This is fine if you live miles away, where you will hardly notice the noise, but
what if you live within a few hundred meters of a turbine? This is a major disa
dvantage.
 Protests and/or petitions usually confront any proposed wind farm developmen
t. People feel the countryside should be left in tact for everyone to enjoy it's be
auty.
THE
END
 FIRST ELECTRICITY GENERATING
WIND TURBINE WAS BULIT IN
DENMARK BY POUL LACOUR IN 1891

 TILL 1950 WIND ENERGY WAS USED IN

INDIA TO PUMP WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE
AND IRRIGATION

MAJOR TECHNOLGY UPGRADATION

HAS TAKEN PLACE IN LAST 20 YEARS
 ANY
QUESTION
?
CLEAN POWER

GREEN POWER

WIND POWER