WELCOME

OUTLINE OF RESEARCH WORK

“PERFORMANCE OF YOGIC FARMING

IN WESTERN MAHARASHTRA: AN
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS’’

PRESENTED BY,
MS. KADAM SONAL MOHAN
REGD. NO. ADPM/18/2640

Dr. S. S. Wadkar
Professor, ( CAS)
Department of Agricultural Economics,
College of Agriculture, Dapoli.
Dr. H. V. Borate
Assistant Professor,
Department of Agricultural
Extension,
College of Agriculture, Dapoli.
Advisory Committee
Chairman and Research guide:
Dr. P. J. Kshirsagar
Assistant Professor,
Department of Agricultural Economics.
College of Agriculture, Dapoli.
Committee members: Dr. V. A Thorat
Associate Professor .
Department of Agricultural
Economics,
College of Agriculture, Dapoli.
• Reccomended By,
• Dr. J. M. Talathi Mr. N. N. Prasade
Head, Assistant Professor,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Department of Animal
College of Agriculture Dapoli. Husbandary and Dairy Science,
College of Agriculture, Dapoli.
 POINTS TO BE COVERED:

• Introduction
• Objectives
• Review of literature
• Methodology
• Literature cited
 INTRODUCTION
• Sustainable Yogic Agriculture (SYA), refers to agricultural and farming practices which involve bio-organic
and natural inputs along with application of positive thinking, pure feelings and mind power.

• The basic needs for human sustenance such as food, clothing, shelter and health etc. depend directly or
indirectly on farming and associated activities.

• The economy of a developing country like India is broadly based on agriculture. The Rural Development
Wing of the Rajyoga Education and Research foundation, the sister institution of Prajapita Brahmakumari
Ishwariya Vishwa Vidyalaya , has been bringing awareness about the Perpetual Yogic Agriculture Project
among the farmer brothers and sisters for over three years.
• The Rajyoga Education & Research Foundation (RERF) of the Rural Development Wing of Brahma
Kumaris Ishwariya Vishwa Vidyalaya has introduced the concept of ‘Yogic Farming’ for the last 8 years,
under which several experiments were conducted in Maharashtra & other States with execution of organic
farming accompanied with Rajyoga Meditation on crops such as Tomato, Sugarcane, Cucumber, Wheat,
Chilly, Egg plants etc.

• These experiments have revealed that not only the net profit per unit area was increased but also
qualitative parameters were better in Yogic farming.

• In tomato for ripe fruits per 100 gram the percent protein increased from 0.74 to 1.13, Carbohydrates from
4.15 to 5.67, Vitamin C increased from 6.05 mg to 14.90 mg resulting in increased energy value per 100
gram tomato from 19.5 K Calories to 27.47.

• . However, the fat was reduced from 0.2 to 0.1 %. In addition the appearance & the taste of tomato was
most appreciable due to Rajyoga Meditation.
• These observations suggest that one cannot ignore the Universal Spiritual Power which is infinite &
can be transmitted as vibrations to plants by Human beings for better plant performance. The pure
food will make pure minds & the powerful human beings will make the world healthier.
 OBJECTIVES
1. To study comparative input utilization for organic and yogic farming
2. To estimate the cost, returns and profitability in organic and yogic farming.
3. To asses the factors responsible for yogic farming.
4. To estimate the resource use efficiency in yogic and organic farming.
5. To study the constraints in organic and yogic farming.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1.To study comparative input utilization for organic and yogic farming
• Kamble (2001) studied input utilization of paddy crop in Chiplun block of Ratnagiri
district of Maharashtra and observed that per hectare human labour was 146.23 man
days and bullock labour was 17.13 pair days, manures were not used and in case of
fertilizers, nitrogenous fertilizers were used in higher quantity followed by phosphatic
and potassic fertilizers. Per hectare seed rate was highest than other crops.

• Bhambre et al. (2004) in their study ‘effect of integrated nutrient management on soil and
crop productivity and nutrient uptake of rice,’ revealed that the combined application of
100% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (100:60:40 Kg. NPK ha-1) with F.Y.M. @ 8 t
ha-1 found significantly superior in increasing the grain and straw yield of rice variety
Mahatma.
• T. Subramani et al. (2008) in their study ‘Effect of nutrient management on grain yield on nutrient
uptake of advance kar based cropping system in Tambaraparni command area’ revealed that
integrated application of green manure @ 6.25 t/ha and 100 per cent NPK fertilizers enhanced
the nutrient uptake and recorded high yield of advance kar rice.

• 2.To estimate the cost returns and profitability in organic and yogic farming.
• Kamble (2001) worked out the cost and returns and productivity of paddy crop. Per hectare cost
of cultivation for paddy was Rs.14275.30 and per hectare returns for paddy were Rs.9896.29
meant that paddy was in net loss of Rs.0.31 if a rupee was invested in paddy.
• Langade (2009) conducted study on economic analysis of Emu farming in Marathwada region of
Maharashtra State. Study concluded that, the average fixed capital investment for Emu farm was
Rs. 269447.82. The share of Emu bird pairs was 79.09 per cent, land 13.12 per cent, Emu farm
establishment cost 7.35 per cent equipment and appliance cost 0.44 per cent.
• Singh et al. (2010) carried out cost and return analysis of different sizes of broiler farms in the
Punjab state based on the primary data collected from 140 broiler farmers. The study has shown
that the total fixed investments per bird have been highest on small farms, followed by medium
and large farms. The total variable cost per bird has been reported highest on small farms,
followed by medium and large farms. The total cost of meat production per bird has been found
highest on small broiler farms, followed by medium and large farms. The net returns per bird
over the variable costs have been recorded highest on large farms.
3. To assess the factors responsible for yogic farming.
• Ashfaq (2008) examined the factors affecting farm diversification in rice-wheat in Punjab, Pakistan. The
sample size for the study was 200 respondents from four villages two of them close to the market and two
of them away from the market. For determining the effect of different factors on diversification, a multiple
regression model was used. The values of Entropy index computed for measuring horizontal
diversification were taken as dependent variable and different factors affecting diversification were
taken as independent variables. The results showed that the main factors affecting diversification were
size of land holding, age of respondents, education level of respondents, farming experience of
respondents, off farm 47 income of respondent, distance of farm from main road, distance of farm from
main market and farm machinery.
• Jha et al. (2009) discussed the factors responsible for agricultural diversification at different levels of
Kurukshetra district in Haryana, India. This study regressed alternate measures of diversification namely,
the Simpson index and concentration of nonfood crops, on several possible factors such as income, land
distribution, irrigation intensity, institutional credit, road density, urbanization and market penetration.
The regression analysis suggests that increased road density, urbanization encourages
commercialization of agriculture and with commercialization, farms in a region are increasingly
specialized under certain crops and crop-groups as per the resource, infrastructure and institutions of the
region.
4. To estimate the resource use efficiency in yogic and organic farming.
• Verma (2005) in his study made an attempt to analyse the economics of production and resource
use efficiency of potato in Indore district of M.P. He examined the costs and returns, net return, cost
of production per quintal, input output ratio and also evaluated the resource use efficiency in
production of potato on small, medium and large size groups of farms. The explanatory variables
used in the production function were area, seed, manure and fertilizers, human labour, machine
power and plant protection. The coefficient of multiple determination indicated that 94.22, 99.85,
98.97 and 96.09 percent of the variation in gross return on small, medium, large and all farms
together respectively, was explained by variables included in the function.
• Kale et al. (2005) conducted study with a view to study the resource use structure, to
estimate per hectare cost and returns and also resource use efficiency in chilli in Thane
district of Maharashtra state. Cobb-Douglas production function was fitted to the data to
examine the input output relationship. In this study positive relationship was observed in
between the size groups and the use of fertilizers and manures. At the overall level, the
average per hectare cost of cultivation worked out to Rs. 58,648. The major items of the cost
were family labour and hired labour. The benefit cost ratio is more than 1.73 in all the size
groups. The MVP to MC ratio for land variable was greater than unity showing higher
resource efficiency. However, fertilizers had showed negative impact. The magnitude of
MVP to MC ratio revealed efficient use of most of the resources except fertilizers.
5. To study the constraints in organic and yogic farming.
• Mendal et. al. (2008) they reported major problem of low productivity of rice were light textured,
acidic and low water holding capacity of the soils. Biotic constraints like weed infestation, disease
like blast and sheath rot and insect infestation like Termites, Gundibug, Stickbug, lack of proper
water conservation practices, absence of the nutrients, improper credit flow, prevalent during
harvesting season, besides, natural calamities drought, flood, cyclones were major impediments
for the production.

• Anonymous (2009) from their study on “Rice in India: A status paper” and concluded that the
farmers were low economic condition as majority (6583%) having land holding only up to 1 ha.
Very few (9-19%) having more than 2 ha land. With the smaller land holding and poor economic
condition farmers are reluctant to adopt any new practice.
• They are not used to irrigate rice even during drought spells with sufficient water sources. Use of

low amount of the fertilizers, wrong timing and inappropriate mixtures e.g. with no basal

application, are some of other constraints in rice production

• Anonymous (2009) in their study on “Special rice production programme: Present activities,

coinstarations and some suggestive agenda for action in Uttar Pradesh”, reported that continuous

use of traditional varieties due to the non- availability of the seeds and farmers lack of awareness

about of high yielding varieties, low and imbalance use of fertilizers, low use efficiency of applied

fertilizers, low soil fertility due to soil erosion resulting in loss of plant nutrients and moisture,

heavy infestation of weeds and insects/pests such as brown spot and poor attention for their

timely control, poor adoption of improved crop production technology due to economic

background of the farmers and non-availability of bullock drown transplanter for timely

transplanting of rice crop were the constraints in the rice production.

 METHODOLOGY
Sample Design:

• Selection of region :

Western Maharashtra Zone will be purposively selected for the present study where there is more
potential for study.

• Selection of district :

Western Maharashtra zone comprises of 5 districts.Out of which Kolhapur District will be selected
purposively as farmers adopting yogic farming and organic farming are increasing in this districts.

• Selection of Tahsils :

Twelve tahsils namely, Karvir, Panhala, Gadhinglaj, Hatkangale, Shirol, Kagal, Chandgad, Ajara,
Bhudargad, Radhanagari, Shahuwadi and Bavda having maximum are under Yogic Farming are selected
purposively. A detailed list of farmers will be obtained from Prajapita Brahmakumari Centre, Kolhapur.
• Selection of sample farmers:

Five farmers of each yogic and organic farming from each tahsil will be selected randomly. Hence, the
total sample will be of 120 farmers. (60 yogic and 60 organic farmers)
2. Methods of data collection:
The data will be collected by survey method, with the help of specially designed schedule by personal
interview with the yogic and organic farmers
3. Analytical techniques:
The data will be arranged in suitable tables and simple statistical tools such as average, percentage,
ratios, discounted and undiscounted measures will be used for analysis.
4. Reference period:
The information and data for the present study will be collected in the month of June 2019
pertained to the agriculture year 2018-19 from the selected yogic and organic farmers.
• Terms and concepts used :
The items of cost considered in cost-A are,
1. Hired human labour (male & female)
2. Manures (owned and purchased)
3. Depreciation on implements and machinery

4. Land revenue including other cesses

5. Interest on working capital
B) Cost B:
Cost B included cost A + interest on fixed capital and rental value of owned land
C) Cost C:
Cost C included Cost B + imputed value of family labour and supervision charges.
Cost-Benefit ratio:
Cost-benefit ratio will be calculated by using the following formula:
𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑹𝒔
Cost-Benefit ratio=
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 (𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝑪)
Functional Analysis:

To study the resource use efficiency particularly in crop production Cobb-Douglas type of functional form
will be most suitable. Therefore, the functional farm will be used is given below:

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Y= 𝑎𝑋1 1 𝑋2 2 𝑋3 3 𝑥4 4 𝑋5 5 𝑋6 6 𝑋7𝑏 , 𝑋8 8 ⅇ𝑢

Where, Y= Yield in quintal

𝑋1 = Area under Yogic farming in ha

𝑋2 = Male labour days

𝑋3 = Female labour days

𝑋4 = Bullock labour days

𝑋5 = Seeds in kg
• 𝑋6 =Fertilizer cost (Rs)

• 𝑋7 =Manures Cost (Rs)

• 𝑋8 = Irrigation Charges (Rs)

• a =Intercept or Constants

• 𝑏1 to 𝑏8 = Elasticities of production of respective inputs

• ⅇ 𝑢 = Error term

• Efficiency of resource use:

To see whether the existing resource allocation was at optimum level or otherwise, the ratio of marginal value
productivity of resource to its unit cost (factor price) was calculated by using following procedure.
• Estimation of Marginal Physical Productivity (MPP)
The MPP of particular resource was estimated by taking first order partial derivative of output with respect
to each input by using following method.

𝑑𝑦
= ab1 x1b1-1x b2x3b3x b4x5b5x b5x7b7x b8eu
𝑑𝑥1

𝑑𝑦 .Ῡ
𝑏
= 𝑖
𝑑𝑥1 𝑥ҧ1
Where,

𝑑𝑦/ 𝑑𝑥1 = MPP of X1

𝑏𝑖 = Production elasticity of X1

𝑥ҧ1 = Geometric mean of X1

Ῡ = Geometric mean of Y

Likewise, MPP of ith input will be estimated

• Estimation of Marginal Value Product (MVP):

The Marginal Value Product of each input will be calculated by multiplying the marginal
physical product of input by price per unit of output.

MVP of 𝑋𝑖 = (MP of xi) X (per unit price of Y)

For knowing resource use efficiency, MVP of resource will be then compared with per unit cost
of resource i.e. ratio of MVP to factor price, as

𝑀𝑉𝑃
= 1, optimum use of resource
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒

<1, excess utilization of resource

>1, under utilization of resource

• To access the factors responsible for Yogic farming.
• Logistic regression model:
The logistic regression model is a unit or multivariate technique which allows for
estimating the probability that an event occurs or not by predicting a binary dependent
outcome from a set of independent variables. The logistic model is based on cumulative
logistic probability function and it is computationally tractable.
According to Gujarati and Porter (2009), it is expressed as:
Pi = E(Y=1/Xi) = b1 + b2 Xi ……. (1)
For ease of estimation, equation (1) is further expressed as:
𝑍
𝑒
1
Pi = − = ……. (2)
1 + e Zi 1
Where:

Pi = Probability of an event occurring

Zi = 𝐵1 + 𝐵2 + 𝑋𝑖

The empirical model of the logistic regression for this study assumed that the probability
of the farmers participation in yogic and organic farming is expressed as:
𝐞𝐛 𝟎 + 𝐛𝟏𝐱𝟏 + 𝐛𝟐𝐱𝟐 + 𝐛𝟑𝐱𝟑 + 𝐛𝟒𝐱𝟒 + 𝐛𝟓𝐱𝟓 + 𝐛𝟔𝐱𝟔 + 𝐛𝟕𝐱𝟕 + 𝐛𝟖𝐱𝟖 + 𝐛𝟗𝐱𝟗 + 𝐛𝟏𝟎𝐱𝟏𝟎
Pi= ……(3)
𝟏 + 𝐞𝐛 𝟎 + 𝐛𝟏𝐱𝟏 + 𝐛𝟐𝐱𝟐 + 𝐛𝟑𝐱𝟑 + 𝐛𝟒𝐱𝟒 + 𝐛𝟓𝐱𝟓 + 𝐛𝟔𝐱𝟔 + 𝐛𝟕𝐱𝟕 + 𝐛𝟖𝐱𝟖 + 𝐛𝟗𝐱𝟗 + 𝐛𝟏𝟎𝐱𝟏𝟎

• Pi ranges between zero and one and it is non- linearly related to Zi. Zi is the stimulus index
which ranges from minus infinity to plus infinity and it is expressed as:
 𝑃𝑖
Zi = ln ( ) = ⅇ 𝑏 0 + b1x1 + b2x2 +……. + b9x9 + b10x10+u …………. (4)
1−𝑃𝑖

To obtain the value of Zi, likelihood method of observing the sample was formed by
introducing a dichotomous response variable. The explicit logit model was expressed as:

Y = ⅇ 𝑏 0 + b1x1 + b2x2 +……. + b9x9 + b10x10+u …………..(5)

Where,

Y= Dichotomous response variable (1 for farmers who participated in yogic and organic
farming; 0 otherwise)
• X1 = age of farmers (years)

• X= educational level of farmers (years of schooling)

•X3= farm size of farmers (hectares) / proportion of area under yogic and organic farming

•X4= household size (numbers) / earning members

•X5 = membership of associations (number of associations farmers belongs to adhyatma)

•X6 = accessibility to credit (amount of loans of farmer accessed)

•X = contact with extension agents (number of

7 contacts and meditation group)
• X = income from agriculture
8

• X = income for other sources

9

•X 10 = dummy for occupation (if agriculture main occupation =1; otherwise= 0)

•b1-b10 = coefficient of variables
• b0 = constant term
• u = error term

• Location:
The present study will be conducted in Kolhapur

district and analysis will be carried out in the Department of Agriculture Economics, College
of Agriculture, Dapoli.
• Tentative programme of research work:

Sr. No. Proposed technical work Proposed work

1. Data collection December 2019 - January 2020

2. Data processing and analysis February 2020 – March 2020

3. Interpretation of result and Thesis Writing April - 2020

4. Thesis submission May 2020

 • LITERATURE CITED

• Bharambe, A.P. and Anurag Tomar (2004). Effect of integrated nutrient management on sols
and crop productivity and nutrient uptake of rice. P.K.V. Research Journal. 28(1):53-57.

• Kale, N.K., D.S. Navadkar and A.V. Gavali (2005). Resource use efficiency and structure in
chilly cultivation in Thane district of Maharashtra state. . Indian journal of Agricultural
Economic. 60 (3): 529.

• Kamble, S.H. (2001). Economics of crop and dairy enterprise combination in Chiplun block
of Ratnagiri district (M.S.). Unpublished M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis submitted to
Dr.B.S.K.K.V.,Dapoli.
• Langade, V. G. (2009) Economic analysis of Emu farming in Marathwada region in Maharashtra state. M. Sc.
(Agri.) thesis submitted to MAU, Parbhani (M.S).

• Singh, Verinder Pal, Sharma, V. K. Shinde, M. S. and Kingra, H. S. (2010). Broiler production in Punjab-an
economic analysis. Agriculture Economic Research Review. 23: 315-324.

• Suresh A., and T. R. Reddy (2006). Resource use efficiency of paddy cultivation in Peechi
command area of Thrissur district of Kerla- an economic analysis. Agricultural Economics
Research Review. 19: 159-171.

• T. Subramani; S. Nilliah Durairaj and B.J. Pandian (2008). Effect of nutrient management on
grain yield and nutrient uptake of advance kar rice based cropping system in Tambraparani
command area. Madras Agriculture Journal. 95 (7-12):328-332.
• Verma, A.R., (2005). Economics analysis of production and resource use efficiency of potato in
Indore district Of Madhya Pradesh. Indian journal of Agricultural Economic. 60 (3):514-515.
THANK YOU