Sistem Maklumat Tanah II

SGU 3553
Semester I- Sesi 2013/2014

Zamri Bin Ismail

Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate
(FGHT) UTM, Skudai
 Chapter 2
GIS Data Acquisition
 Lecture Outline
• GIS/LIS Data Sources
• Modes of Data Input
• Data Input Equipments
• Criteria Choosing Modes of Input
• GIS Maps/data Are Digital Not Analog
• GIS Data Conversion
• Digitizing
• On Screen Digitizing
• Digitizing Errors
 Modes of Data Input

Keyboard entry for non-spatial attributes and

occasionally locational data.
Manual locating devices e.g digitizing
Automated devices: extract spatial data from
maps and photography e.g scanning
Conversion directly from other digital sources
 Data Input Equipments

Digitizer
Data Input
Equipments

Scanner

GPS
 Criteria Choosing Modes of Input
 The type of data source
 images favor scanning
 maps can be scanned or digitized

 The database model of the GIS

 scanning easier for raster, digitizing for vector

 The density of data

 dense linework makes for difficult digitizing

 Expected applications of the GIS implementation

 GIS Data/Maps Are Digital Not
Analog
Map have a communications function but
limited analysis capabilities...
A map has a storage function for spatial data
Somehow, the visually “stored” data must
get digital
Real and Virtual maps
 GIS DATA CONVERSION

 Traditionally most of the cost of a GIS project

 One time cost
 Depends on reuse
 Required maintenance
GIS data can be:
 Purchased
 Found from existing sources in digital form
 Captured from analog maps by
GEOREFERENCING/GEOCODING
 Existing GIS/LIS Data
• 1. Malaysian Center For
Geospatial Data Infrastructure
(MaCGDI)
• MaCGDI is a centre established by
the government to manage and
promote the development of
geospatial data infrastructure for
Malaysia (MyGDI). MaCGDI is also
responsible for coordinating
access and delivery of the
geographic information held by all
government agencies.
 Existing GIS/LIS Data..cont

• Objectives of MaCGDI
– To help in land information sharing and exchange between
agencies using the latest on-line information technology hence
the latest and correct information can be conveyed quickly and
reliably.
– To avoid wastage due to uncoordinated efforts in collecting,
processing, maintaining, preparing and distributing of land
information that is needed for the land planning,land usage
monitoring and environment supervision."
 Existing GIS/LIS Data..cont

• 2. Department. Of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM)

– Cadastre
– Topography
– Geodetic
• 3. Other Gov. Agencies
• 4. Local Authorities
• 5. Private companies
 Conversion of Existing Data

• Data conversion is defined as a mechanism for

converting GIS data from one format to
another
– Direct translation – uses a translator in a GIS
package
User 1 User 2 User 1 User 2
MIF-to- CAD-to-
MIF CAD
Shapefile Shapefile Shapefile
file command file Shapefile
command
 Conversion of Existing Data..cont.

– Neutral Format – Spatial Data Transfer Standard

(SDTS)
• Approve by Federal Information Processing standards
(FIPS) program in 1992
• Several federal agencies have converted to SDTS format
–USGS,U.S Army, Census Bureau
– GIS vendor –ESRI, Intergraph, MapInfo provide this translator
• SDTS uses “profiles” to transfer spatial data.
 Creating New Data

• Different data sources can be used for creating nee

geospatial data
• Remotely Sensed data
– Satellite images can be digitally processed to
produced a wide variety of thematic data for
GIS/LIS project
• Land cover database, vegetation types, crop health, eroded soil,
geologic features
• IKONOS and QuickBird images – can be used to extract features
– roads, building, trees, riparian zones etc.
 Creating New Data..cont.

• Fields Data
– GPS, Total Station
etc
GPS-Trimble
• Text Files Geo XT
– With x, y GPS Pathfinder Office
(format ssf)shapefile (format GIS)
coordinates

shapefile

GIS data – in ArcGIS

Excel text file-LiDAR data
 Creating New Data..cont.

• Digitizing Using a Digitizing Table

 Is the process of converting data from analog
to digital format. Captures map data by tracing
lines from a map by hand
 Uses a cursor and an electronically-sensitive tablet
 Result is a string of points with (x,y) values
 Creating New Data..cont.

Example of Digitizer Table

Digitizing Using a Digitizing Table

 Creating New Data..cont.
-Digitizing Errors
Pseudo nodes (remember
that nodes are special cases
of points)
• Extra nodes in a line or a
line connecting to the same
node
•Mot are errors - some are
not

Dangling nodes:
A single node attached to a
single entity
 Creating New Data..cont.
-Digitizing Errors and Labels

Only one label point should be used

per polygon. The two types of
errors, multiple labels and missing
labels, are the ones that can happen
in relation to label points in
polygons. Inside each polygon there
must be a single point.
 Creating New Data..cont.
-Weird Polygon
Weird Polygons:

Digitizing points out of sequence.

Graphically we seem to have two
polygons, the point at which the
lines cross in the middle does not
have a node

Polygons with missing or miss-

ordered nodes. In this example,
vertex information for the polygon
should have been entered in the
order 1,2,4,3 rather than 1,2,3,4
 Creating New Data
-Scanning
• Scanning
 Places a map on a glass plate, and passes a light beam over it
 Measures the reflected light intensity
 Results is a grid of pixels
 Image size and resolution are important
 Uses a scanner to convert an analog map into scanned file in raster
format and converted back to vector format through tracing
 R2V converter
 Creating New Data
-Scanning..cont
• Example of Scanners
– Flat bed
– Drum
 Creating New Data
-Scanning..cont

Scanning Example
15 x 15 cm (3.6 x 3.6 km)
grid is 0.25mm ground
equivalent is 6 m 600 x
600 pixels. One byte per
color (0-255) 1.08 MB