BIOMOLECULES

Building Uses Examples Test

Block
Carbohydrate Simple Quick ready source Glucose • STARCH turns
sugars of energy Glycogen purple in iodine
Cellulose • SUGARS react
Starch with Benedict’s
Solution

Protein Amino acids • Transport Enzymes (-ase) • Reacts with Biuret

• Speed up Hemoglobin Solution
reactions Antibodies
• Immunity Protein hormones
• Cell (insulin)
communication

Lipid Fatty Acids • Back up energy Fats, oils • Leaves oily spot
source on brown paper
• In membrane bag

Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Store and transmit DNA, RNA • DNA stains
genetic info (methylene blue)
 CELLS
P ROK A RYOTIC
•Prokaryotic cells have DNA and
ribosomes, but they have no
internal membranes! (They don't
have a nucleus)
•They have ribosomes to make
proteins
•These are the simplest cells
•Examples are bacteria, like those
that cause strep throat.
E U K A RYOTIC
• Eukaryotic cells have their DNA surrounded
by a membrane. (They have a nucleus).
• Two examples shown are plant cells and
animal cells, but fungi and protists are also
eukaryotic
• Notice, plants have chloroplasts (for
photosynthesis) and cell walls made of
cellulose. Animal cells don't have these
parts. Also, plant cells have a larger vacuole
for storage.
• Both plants and animals have mitochondria
to make ATP.
• All eukaryotic cells have ribosomes to make
protein
• These cells are more complex than
prokaryotic cells.
CELL MEMBRANE

• The plasma membrane surrounds

EVERY cell.
• It is made of lipid and protein
• It controls what goes in and out of a cell.
• Maintains HOMEOSTASIS
CELL TRANSPORT

Active
Diffusion Osmosis
Transport
Movement of water
Movement from
Movement of from high to low
LOW concentration
molecules from high WATER
to HIGH
to low concentration concentration
concentration
across a membrane

No energy required No energy required USES ATP

 ENZYMES
•are specific for a substrate
•speed up chemical reactions
•bind to substrate at active site
•are reusable
•are not changed in the reaction
•are made of PROTEIN
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
CONVERTS SUNLIGHT TO CONVERTS ENERGY IN
CHEMICAL ENERGY FO O D (G LU C O S E ) TO AT P

Cellular Respiration
•Takes place in
mitochondrion
•Releases the energy
stored in glucose
•AKA aerobic respiration
(NEEDS oxygen)
AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
A E RO B IC R E S PIR AT IO N
• Requires oxygen
• Makes A LOT of ATP
• Produces carbon
dioxide and water
• Happens in
mitochondrion
A N A E RO B IC R E S PIR AT IO N
•Does not use oxygen
•Makes only 2 ATP
• Small amount of ATP
• Also called fermentation
• YEASTS make ethyl alcohol
• BACTERIA and MUSCLE CELLS (w/o O2)
make LACTIC ACID
• Happens in cytoplasm (cytosol)
ATP CYCLE

CLICK THE ICON FOR SOUND

ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

•Adds genetic variation

•Creates identical
copies (clones) •Involves meiosis and
fertilization
•Only involves MITOSIS
•TWO parents involved
•ONE parent involved
•Diploid and haploid cells
•Common in bacteria
and unicellular protists
 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
•One division •Two divisions
•2n  2n •2n  n
• (same number of chromosomes) • Half the number of chromosomes
•Results in 2 genetically identical cells •Results in 4 DIFFERENT haploid cells
•Forms gametes (egg and sperm)
DNA
• DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
• A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate
and one of four bases
• In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G
• DNA’s shape is a double helix
• The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds
• A binds to T
• C binds with G
DNA REPLICATION
• Process of DNA copying itself
• Steps
• DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break)
• Each side acts as a template
• New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing rules
• Two new molecules of DNA result – each with one old and one
new strand.
• Happens in INTERPHASE (before mitosis or meiosis)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• Remember, genes are made of DNA and are in the nucleus
• Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making a protein
• In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus
• mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome
• In translation, tRNA then brings amino acids in the proper order to make
the protein on the ribosome.

DNA  mRNA  protein

Made of amino acids
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

•DNA is in nucleus
•GENES (made of DNA) hold code for protein
DNA

•mRNA is made in nucleus

•TRANSCRIPTION
RNA •Remember base pairing rules

•mRNA goes to ribosome

•3 bases on mRNA is a codon – each codon codes for one amino acid
•tRNA brings the right amino acid to the mRNA
PROTEIN •Anticodon on tRNA base pairs with codon on mRNA
CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE PARTS?
1. DNA
2. mRNA
3. Nucleus
4. Cytoplasm
5. Ribosome
6. Codon
7. Anticodon
8. tRNA
9. Amino acid
10. Protein (polypeptide)
 READING THE CODON CHART

• Be sure to use
mRNA
• You won’t have to
memorize this!
• What amino acid
is coded for by the
DNA
ATA GAG

First convert DNA to mRNA

ATA GAG
UAU CUC
UAU = tyr
CUC = Leu
GENETICS
We have two genes for each trait – This diagram shows the cross
this is our GENOTYPE between 2 heterozygous purple
flowers
One gene came from mom, one from
dad Cross is: Bb x Bb
If the genes are alike, the individual Notice that 75% are purple and 25%
is homozygous (RR, rr) white
If the genes are different , they are
heterozygous (Rr)
Some genes are dominant and
others are recessive
We only show a recessive trait if we
have no dominant gene
RR and Rr would “look”
dominant
rr would look recessive
 SEX LINKAGE
Females are XX
Males are XY
Sex-linked traits are on
X chromosome
Trait is more common
in MALES
Examples are
colorblindness and • Males give X chromosomes to
hemophilia (blood fails their daughters and Y’s to their
to clot) sons
• Moms give X’s to both daughters
and sons
CODOMINANCE – BLOOD TYPE

• Four blood types A = AA or AO

 A, B, AB, O
B = BB or BO
Three different
AB = AB
alleles: A, B or
neither O = OO

Agglutinogen
= protein
 PEDIGREES
Tracing traits through generations
• Males are squares
• Females are circles
• Horizontal line means married
• Vertical line means children
• Filled in circle means the
individual HAS the condition
• Can you identify the genotypes
of individuals 4, 7, 12?

4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e)

7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had to have one e)
12 = ee (affected with recessive condition)
 XY = male

• In humans, 22 pair of autosomes

• 1 pair of sex chromosomes
• XX = female
3 21’s =
Down • XY = male
Syndrome • Extra chromosomes a result of
non-disjunction
• Chromosome pairs fail to separate in meiosis
• One example is DOWN SYNDROME (extra 21)
• Another example is KLINEFELTERS (XXY)
GENETIC TECHNOLOGY
DNA FINGERPRINTING
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
•Use gel
•Organisms that have 2
electrophoresis to
different kinds of DNA
compare DNA
•Gene cloning fragments
•Uses bacteria to make •IF DNA matches, it’s
human proteins like from the same
insulin individual

Evidence points
to suspect 2
 EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME
EVIDENCE N AT U R A L S E LE C T IO N

•Fossil evidence •Credited to Charles Darwin

• Fossils found in sedimentary rock
• Lower level fossils are older and more
PRIMITIVE
• We can compare fossils to modern
organisms
• Similar structure suggests common
ancestor
•Biochemical evidence
• DNA and protein similarities suggest
common ancestor
• Organisms in populations have
variations that can be passed from
generation to generation
• More organisms born that environment
can support
• Organisms compete for resources
• Those organisms with favorable
variations have more babies and the
population evolves