FISIKA GUNUNG API

TEKNIK GEOFISIKA

Prof. Suharno, P.hD.

I Gede Boy Darmawan, M.Eng.

September 2017
Geokimia Batuan Beku
 Tentang Data Geokimia Batuan Beku
(Petrochemistry)

• Seiring dengan kemajuan teknologi analisis geokimia,

maka studi tentang petrogenesa batuan beku saat ini
lebih banyak memakai data geokimia
• Data yang umum dipakai adalah:
– Oksida utama: SiO2, Na2O, K2O, MgO, Al2O3, dll.
– Unsur jejak (trace elements): Rb, Sr, Pb, Ba dll.
– Unsur tanah jarang (REE): La, Pr, Lu, Eu dll.
– Stable isotopes: O, C, H
– Radiogenic isotopes: Sr, Pb, Be
 Buku yang
direkomendasikan

Rollinson (1993)
 Contoh analisis basalt
Molecular Wt%/ Major elements:
Wt% Wt. Mol. Wt. Mole%
SiO2 49.2 60.09 0.8188 50.62
usually > 1 wt.%
TiO2 2.03 95.9 0.0212 1.31 control properties of magmas
Al2O3 16.1 101.96 0.1579 9.76
major constituents of essential
Fe2O3 2.72 159.7 0.0170 1.05
FeO 7.77 71.85 0.1081 6.69
minerals
MnO
MgO
0.18 70.94 0.0025 0.16 Minor elements:
6.44 40.31 0.1598 9.88
CaO 10.5 56.08 0.1872 11.58 usually 0.1 – 1 wt.%
Na2O 3.01 61.98 0.0486 3.00 substitutes for major elements in essential
K2O 0.14 94.2 0.0015 0.09 minerals or may form small amounts of
P2O5 0.23 70.98 0.0032 0.20 accessory mins.
H2O+ 0.7 18.02 0.0388 2.40
H2O- 0.95 18.02 0.0527 3.26 Trace elements:
structural water
99.97 1.6174 100.00 usually < 0.1 wt.%
adsorbed water Trace substitutes for major and minor elements in
Elements (ppm) essential and accessory minerals
Ba 5 Sr 190
Co 32 Th 0.15
Cr 220 U 0.16
Ni 87 V 280 1 wt.% = 10,000 ppm
Pb 1.29 Zr 160 1 ppm = 0.0001 wt.%
Rb 1.14 La 5.1
 Analytical Techniques
Emitted
radiation Emission
Detector
Absorbed
radiation
Energy Source
Sample
Whole Rock Analyses
- X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
X-rays excite inner shell electrons producing
secondary X-rays
- Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
dissolved rock mixed with Ar gas is turned into
plasma which excites atoms; generates X-rays
- Instrumental Neutron Activation (INAA)
nuclei bombarded with neutrons turning atoms
radioactive; measure emitted X-rays
- Mass Spectrometry(MS)
atoms ionized and propelled through a curved
electromagnet which seperates the ions by weight
(good for isotope analysis)
Output with
emission peak
Absorption
Detector
Output with
absorption trough
Mineral Chemical Analyses
- Electron Microprobe (EM)
incident electron beam generates X-rays
which whose characteristic wavelengths
are measured (WDS)
- Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS)
incident electron beam generates X-rays
which whose characteristic energies are
measured; attached to UMD’s SEM
- X-ray Diffractometry(XRD)
Incident X-rays are diffracted by
characteristic mineral structure
Komposisi kimia beberapa batuan beku
yang umum dijumpai
Magma - Ultramafic Mafic Intermed. Felsic Alkalic
Rock - Peridotite Basalt Andesite Rhyolite Phonolite
SiO2 42.26 49.20 57.94 72.82 56.19
TiO2 0.63 1.84 0.87 0.28 0.62
Al2O3 4.23 15.74 17.02 13.27 19.04
Fe2O3 3.61 3.79 3.27 1.48 2.79
FeO 6.58 7.13 4.04 1.11 2.03
MnO 0.41 0.20 0.14 0.06 0.17
MgO 31.24 6.73 3.33 0.39 1.07
CaO 5.05 9.47 6.79 1.14 2.72
Na2O 0.49 2.91 3.48 3.55 7.79
K2O 0.34 1.10 1.62 4.30 5.24
H2O+ 3.91 0.95 0.83 1.10 1.57

Total 98.75 99.06 99.3 99.50 99.23

 Pengeplotan Data Geokimia
Tujuan:
Untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara
unsur yang mungkin dapat menghasilkan
informasi dan interpretasi tentang proses-
proses magmatisme, seperti:
– Tatanan tektonik
– Partial melting
– Magma mixing
– Asimilasi dan/atau kontaminasi
– Fractional crystallization
 Beberapa diagram yang umum dipakai

• Spidergrams (data telah dinormalisasi)

• Harker type diagrams
• Beberapa diagram yang khusus menggambarkan
batuan tertentu, misalnya:
– TTG and Archaean rocks: Sr/Y vs. Y, La/Yb vs. Yb (Martin
1987)
– Basalts (MORB): La/Sm, dll.
– Island arcs: HFS/LIL (Ba/La) dll.
– Adakites: Y vs Sr/Y (Drummond dan Defant, 1990)
• Geotectonic diagrams
OKSIDA UTAMA
 Klasifikasi kimia batuan beku, umumnya untuk
batuan vulkanik

A chemical classification of volcanics based on total alkalis vs. silica. After Le Bas et al.
(1986) J. Petrol., 27, 745-750. Oxford University Press.
 Magma Series
Related to Tectonic Provinces
Characteristic Plate Margin Within Plate
Series Convergent Divergent Oceanic Continental
Alkaline yes yes yes
Sub- Tholeiitic yes yes yes yes
alkaline Calc-alkaline yes

16

14 Phonolite

12 Tephri-
phonolite
Trachyte
10 Phono-
Tephrite
Na2O + K2O
Foidite Trachy- Trachydacite
Na 2O+K 2O 8 andesite Rhyolite
Basaltic
Tephrite trachy-
6 BasaniteTrachy-andesite
basalt
Dacite
4 Andesite
Basaltic
Basalt andesite
2 Picro-
basalt
0
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Winter (2001) Figure 8.11. Total alkalis vs. silica diagram for
the alkaline and sub-alkaline rocks of Hawaii. After MacDonald SiO
SiO22
(1968). GSA Memoir 116
 Subalkaline Discrimination Diagrams

Calc-Alkaline
Fe2O3 + FeO
AFM Diagram
Tholeiitic--Calc-Alkaline 20
boundary after Irvine and
Baragar (1971). Can. J. Earth Al 2O3
Sci., 8, 523-548

15 Tholeiitic

10
100 90 80 70 60 50 40
AN

Na2O + K2O MgO

Peccerillo and Taylor (1976): alkalinity
 Harker
Variation
Diagrams

Variation of major and

minor oxide abundances
vs. SiO2 (thought to be and
indication of the evolved character
of a magmatic system)

Winter (2001) Figure 8-2. Harker

variation diagram for 310
analyzed volcanic rocks from
Crater Lake (Mt. Mazama),
Oregon Cascades. Data compiled
by Rick Conrey.

Primitive Evolved
Alumina/Alkali Discrimination Diagrams

Winter (2001) Figure 18.2. Alumina saturation classes

based on the molar proportions of
Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O) (“A/CNK”) after Shand (1927).
Common non-quartzo-feldspathic minerals for each
type are included. After Clarke (1992). Granitoid
Rocks. Chapman Hall.

Winter (2001) Figure 8-10 b. Alumina saturation

indices (Shand, 1927) with analyses of the
peraluminous granitic rocks from the Achala
Batholith, Argentina (Lira and Kirschbaum, 1990). In
S. M. Kay and C. W. Rapela (eds.), Plutonism from
Antarctica to Alaska. Geol. Soc. Amer. Special
Paper, 241. pp. 67-76.