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Production and Operations

Management

Aggregate Planning综合计划
Agenda

 Relationship Between Planning Levels


 Aggregate Planning Characteristics
 Tactics for Aggregate Planning
Relationship Between Planning
Levels
Planning Sequence in Many
Organizations

Economic,
Corporate competitive, Aggregate
strategies and political demand
and policies conditions forecasts

企业规划 Establishes operations


Business Plan
and capacity strategies

综合计划 Establishes
Aggregate plan
operations capacity

Master schedule Establishes schedules


主计划 for specific products
Overview of Planning Levels
 Long-range plans长期计划
 企业对2-10年的发展目标的确定,包括:企业战略计划、产品与市
场计划、财务计划以及能力计划等
 Intermediate plans中期计划
 产品需求预测
 综合生产计划
 主生产计划
 粗能力计划
 Short-range plans短期计划
 物料需求计划
 能力需求计划
 最终装配计划
 生产作业计划
 采购计划
1、综合计划(生产大纲)

 确定在计划期内既能满足产品的预测需求量,同
时又能使总生产成本最小化的每个月或每个季度
的产出率、劳动力水平、库存水平的最佳组合方

 产品:以系列为单位
 时间跨度:18个月内
 计划时间单位:月、双月、季
2、主生产计划(MPS)

 确定每一具体的最终产品在每一具体的时
间段内的生产数量和日期
 最终产品:本企业最终完成、要出厂的完成品
 计划时间单位:周(旬、日、月)
某自行车厂的综合计划

1月 2月 3月

24型产量(辆) 10000 15000 20000


28型产量(辆) 30000 30000 30000
某自行车厂的主生产计划
1月
周次 1 2 3 4
C型产量(辆) 1600 1600
D型产量(辆) 1500 1500 1500 1500
R型产量(辆) 400 400
月产量 10000
3、物料需求计划(MRP)

 将主生产计划所规定的最终产品需求分解成各个
自制零部件的生产计划,以及最终原材料和采购
件的采购计划
 即相关需求物料的采购与生产计划
 相关需求物料:生产最终产品所需要的原材料和零部

相关需求物料的概念

A 独立需求

相关需求
B C D

a b b c
相关需求物料的概念(例)

座椅
独立需求

相关需求
支架 椅罩 填充物

螺丝杠 椅爪 塑料B 塑料c


Aggregate Planning
Characteristics
Planning Horizon in
Aggregate Planning
 Aggregate planning: Intermediate-range
capacity planning, usually covering 2 to 12
months.
Long range

Intermediate
range
Short
range

Now 2 months 1 Year


Aggregate Planning Inputs

 Resources  Costs
 Workforce  Inventory carrying
 Facilities  Back orders
 Demand forecast  Hiring/firing
 Policies  Overtime
 Subcontracting  Inventory changes
 Overtime  subcontracting
 Inventory levels
 Back orders
Aggregate Planning Outputs

 Total cost of a plan


 Projected levels of inventory
 Inventory
 Output
 Employment
 Subcontracting
 Backordering 延迟交货
Aggregate Planning Environment

竞争者行为 原材料供应 市场需求

综合生产 宏观经济
外包能力
计划环境 环境
企业外部环境

企业内部环境
现有劳动力 生产组织
现有能力 库存水平 活动
水平
Aggregate Planning Strategies
Matching Capacity and Demand

 Proactive提前作出的战略
 Alter demand to match capacity改变需求去匹配生产
能力

 Reactive反应性战略
 Alter capacity to match demand改变生产能力去匹配
需求

 Mixed综合性战略
 Some of each
Options for Manipulating Demand需求选项

 Pricing

 Promotion

 Back orders
延迟交货
 New demand
Options for Changing Capacity
生产能力选项
 Hire and layoff workers雇用和解雇工人
 Overtime/slack time加班/松弛时间
 Part-time workers兼职工人
 Inventories库存
 Subcontracting 转包
Some General Aggregate Planning
Strategies对付不稳定需求的基本策略
 Maintain a level workforce维持一定的劳动力总数

 Maintain a steady output rate维持稳定的产出率

 Match demand period by period逐期适应市场需


 Use a combination of decision


variables 采用决策变量组合
Basic Strategies

 “Level Capacity” strategy 平稳生产能力策



 Maintaining a steady rate of regular-time
output while meeting variations in demand by
a combination of options. 保持稳定的产出水平
 “Chase Demand” strategy跟踪需求策略
 Matching capacity to demand; the planned
output for a period is set at the expected
demand for that period.为需求匹配相应的生产
能力 P283页图12-2
Level Capacity Approach平稳策略

 Advantages
 Stable output rates and workforce

 Disadvantages
 Greater inventory costs
 Increased overtime and idle time
 Resource utilizations vary over time
Chase Demand Approach跟踪策略

 Advantages
 Investment in inventory is low
 Labor utilization is high

 Disadvantages
 The cost of adjusting output rates and/or
workforce levels
综合计划需要在政策、协议的限制和最小成本的
夹缝中需求供需平衡
Tactics for Aggregate Planning

综合计划技术
Techniques for Aggregate
Planning综合计划的步骤
1. Determine demand for each period确定各期需求
2. Determine capacities for each period确定各期
生产能力
3. Identify policies that are pertinent明确相关政策
4. Determine units costs确定单位成本
5. Develop alternative plans and costs规划可选择
方案
6. Select the best plan that satisfies objectives.
Otherwise return to step 5.选择最满意的计划方

Summary of Planning Techniques

Technique Solution Characteristics


Graphical/charting Trial and Intuitively appealing, easy to
+ Spreadsheets Error 反复试验 understand; solution not
necessarily optimal.
Linear Optimizing Computerized; linear
programming assumptions not always valid.
Linear Optimizing Complex, requires considerable
decision rule effort to obtain pertinent cost
information and to construct
model; cost assumptions not
always valid.
Simulation Trial and Computerized models can be
error examined under a variety of
conditions.
Cumulative Graph for Trial-and-
Error Planning累积图
Mathematical Techniques数学技术
 Linear programming 线性规划
 Methods for obtaining optimal solutions to
problems involving allocation of scarce
resources in terms of cost minimization.成本
最小化,分配有限资源,获得最优问题解决方

 Linear decision rule 线性规划准则
 Optimizing technique that seeks to minimize
combined costs, using a set of cost-
approximating functions to obtain a single
quadratic equation.综合成本最小化
Example(Using Trial-and-Error Method)

CA&J公司,其产品需求具有明显的季节波动性。
明年1至6月份的需求如表1所示。制定计划所需的
有关数据如表2和表3 所示。在四种不同计划策略
下的生产总成本如表4 所示。
表1 需求预测数据
1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月
1800 1500 1100 900 1100 1600

表2 每月工作天数
1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月
22 19 21 21 22 20
表3 有关成本、工时和库存数据

材料成本 100元/件
库存成本 1.5元/件·月
缺货成本 5元/件·月
外协边际成本 20元/件
(注:外协边际成本=外协价格(120)-材料成本(100))
人员招聘与培训成本 200元/人
人员解聘费用 250元/人
单位产品加工时间 5小时/件
正常人工成本 4元/小时
加班人工成本 6元/小时

期初库存 400件
所需安全库存 月需求预测量的25%
拟采用以下计划策略:

 计划1:调节生产速度和人员水平:改变工人人数,
每天固定工作8小时,使生产出来的产品与需求刚
好一致;
 计划2:保持固定人数,按未来6个月的平均需求
生产,变动库存与缺货量;
 计划3:用固定人数生产最小预测需求,用外包方
式满足其它生产需求;
 计划4:调节生产速度但保持人员水平不变,用加
班方式满足其它需求
不同计划策略下的计划结果
基本策略 总生产成本(元)
生产计划1 调节生产速度和人员水平 172 800
(改变工人人数,每天工作8小时)
生产计划2 保持生产速度和人员水平不变 162 488
(变动库存与缺货量)
生产计划3 保持生产速度和人员水平不变 160 000
(固定下限人数,其余外包)
生产计划4 调节生产速度,但保持人数不变 165 491
(加班)
Challenges of Aggregate Planning in
Services服务业的综合计划
 Services occur when they are rendered服
务只在提供时发生
 Demand for service can be difficult to
predict服务需求难以预计
 Capacity availability can be difficult to
predict可获得的服务能力难以预计
 Labor flexibility can be an advantage in
services服务业的劳动柔性是一种优势
服务业的综合计划

 要考虑目标顾客的需求、装备的生产能力
以及劳动力的生产能力
 服务业的计划是一个以时间为基础的服务
员工需求计划

 收益管理
Master Production Schedule

主生产计划
Aggregate Plan Must be Transformed
into a Master Schedule综合计划分解
为主计划

Aggregate Plan

MPS

N
Resource/capacity
Y
MRP
Master Scheduling主进度计划

 Master schedule
 Determines quantities needed to meet
demand确定劳动、存货、材料等具体需求的
数量
 Interfaces with
 Marketing
 Capacity planning
 Production planning
 Distribution planning
Must translate aggregate plan
into master schedule
Master Scheduler主进度计划者的职责

 Evaluates impact of new orders估计新订单


的影响
 Provides delivery dates for orders提供订单
运输时间
 Deals with problems处理一系列问题
 Production delays生产延迟
 Revising master schedule主计划的修订
 Insufficient capacity生产能力的不足
主进度计划的制定

 主进度计划:表示一种产品或一组产品的生产数量和时间
安排内容(即交付时间等),但并不显示计划生产量。

 Master production schedule (MPS)主生产进度计划


 The result of disaggregating an aggregate plan; shows quantity
and timing of specific end items for a scheduled horizon.生产计
划各细项的生产数量和时间安排
 Used as a basis for short-range planning短期计划
 Rough-cut capacity planning (RCCP)粗能力计划
 Validates the MPS对生产计划进行确认
 Approximate balancing of capacity and demand to test the
feasibility of a master schedule.能力与需求的大致平衡,保证主
计划的可行性
Master Scheduling Process主进
度计划的制定

Inputs Outputs
Beginning inventory Projected inventory
Master
Forecast Master production schedule
Scheduling

Customer orders Uncommitted inventory


Master Scheduling
A Weekly Demand Forecast

Master scheduler also must know (i) beginning inventory,


and (ii) committed customer orders
Beginning Inventory and
Committed Customer Orders
Projecting On Hand Inventory
Calculating Projected On-Hand
Inventory

Projected on-hand Inventory from Current week’s


inventory
=
previous week
- requirements

计划持有库存=来自上周的存货-本周需求
本周需求为预测值和顾客订单量(已承诺的)中较大者
Identifying When to Produce
Master Production Schedule将主生产计划
加到主计划中
Calculating Available-to-Promise
Inventory将待分配库存量加到主计划中
MPS Time Fences can facilitate order
promising and entry of orders into system时
间围栏

Period

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

“frozen” “slushy” “liquid”


(firm or somewhat (open)
fixed) firm

New orders and order cancellations


Delivery of a new order Order entry are easy to make. Order promise
impossible, or very less costly, dates are tentative; will be firmed up
costly less disruptive at a later time
例:

期初库存 45 生产批量:80

4月 5月
周次 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
预计需求 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 40

顾客订货 23 15 8 4 0 0 0 0
预期库存量 22 2 -18

MPS量 80
MPS量的计算
周 期初库存 需求量 是否缺货 MPS量 期末库存
1 45 - 23 否 + 0 = 22
2 22 - 20 否 + 0 = 2
3 2 - 20 是 + 80 = 62
4 62 - 20 否 + 0 = 42
5 42 - 40 否 + 0 = 2
6 2 - 40 是 + 80 = 42
7 42 - 40 否 + 0 = 2
8 2 - 40 是 + 80 = 42
期初库存 45 生产批量:80

4月 5月
周次 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
预计需求 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 40

顾客订货 23 15 8 4 0 0 0 0
预期库存量 22 2 62 42 2 42 2 42
MPS量 0 0 80 0 0 80 0 80

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