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Phased arrays – A Definition
Circular
DUAL-ARRAY PROBES:
Consist of separate transmitter (T) and
Receiver (R) arrays
In side-by-side configuration, all considerations
for conventional TRL probes remain valid:
Pseudo-focusing effect
Absence of interface echo
Improved SNR in attenuating materials
In addition, every advantage of the PA technique
is available
1.5D dual-array
•large range of
focal depth
(focusing)
• adjustable each
pulse.
• large range of
inspection angles
(sweeping)
• multiple modes
with a single
probe (SW, LW)
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How Phased Arrays Work
Interface
Law scan offset
• For electronic scans, arrays are multiplexed using the same Focal Law.
• For sectorial scans, the same elements are used, but the Focal Laws are
changed.
• For Dynamic Depth Focusing, the receiver Focal Laws are only changed in
hardware.
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UT Phased Arrays
Principles and Capabilities
OVERVIEW
Beam steering
Electronic scanning
Array lobes
A
e
p g
WEDGE PARAMETERS
Velocity in wedge (vw)
Wedge angle ()
Height of first element (h1)
Wedge (vw)
Offset first element (x1)
inc
h1
x1
ref
UNFOCUSED BEAM:
Near-field and natural divergence of acoustic
beam are determined by total aperture A and
wavelength (not by number of elements)
A2
Near-field N
4
Divergence (half angle , at –6 dB ) sin 0.5
A
z
Beam dimension (at depth z) d
A
FOCUSED BEAM:
Focusing coefficient (K) is defined as
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Array Lobes
A Fourier Transformation:
Beam width (main beam,
e
p
lobes) determined by
aperture A
Steering width determined
by element width e
Z
Angular position of
Fourier transformation lobes determined by
sinc(ex/lz) sinc(Ax/lz) frequency f and pitch p:
-lz/p lz/p lobe
p
n=20
Solution: Design array
p=3.6 lobes out.