Yogendra singh nehra(M18PH019)

Vishal khandelwal(M18PH018)

Instructor :-V. Narayanan


The term "spectroscopy" defines a large number
of techniques that use radiation to obtain
information on the structure and properties of
matter.
 The basic principle shared by all spectroscopic
techniques is to shine a beam of
electromagnetic radiation onto a sample, and
observe it.
 The response is usually recorded as a function of
radiation wavelength. A plot of the response as a
function of wavelength is referred to as a
spectrum.
 This
is also known as Electron paramagnetic
resonance(EPR) because it is used for
studying material with unpaired electrons.

 EPRis analogous to Nuclear magnetic

resonance(NMR) but it is electron spins that
are excited instead of spins of atomic nuclei.
 Everyelectron has spin quantum number
s=1/2 with magnetic spin quantum number
ms =+1/2 and ms =-1/2.

 When a molecule or compound with an

unpaired electron is placed in the magnetic
field.

 Thealignment can either be along the

direction (parallel) to magnetic field which
corresponds to lower energy state ms =-1/2.
 Opposite (anti parallel) to direction of the
applied magnetic field which corresponds to
high energy state ms =+1/2.
 The energy difference occurs and given by:
ΔE= ge μB B
(ge = g factor(2.0023 for electrons)
μB =magnetic moment)
 An electron in a magnetic field is able to
absorb energy of the proper frequency ΔE=hν
which will excite unpaired electron from
lower to higher energy level.
 This phenomenon is
known as electron
resonance and the
technique employed
to study this type of
behavior is called as
electron spin
spectroscopy.

 In a magnetic field
of order of 3400
gauss, the
appropriate energy
from radiation in the
microwave region.
 The area of ESR
peak is directly
proportional to the
number of
unpaired electrons
in the sample
investigated and
thus to the
concentration of
the sample.
Simplified principle of ESR Basic structure of ESR
 Four essential components of ESR:-
 A monochromatic microwave source
“Klystrons”(in previous fig.).

 A waveguide for guiding the microwave to the

sample.

 A cavity designed for coupling between the

sample and the incoming wave.

 A detector for microwave power to detect the

response of sample to microwave irradiation.
 Used to know the molecular structure near
the unpaired electron.

 Used to study transition metal complexes.

 To study electron state in semiconductors.

 To study the presence of organic and

inorganic radicals.