Hypoxia and Cell Injury

Gustia Indah Prabandasari

172012005
Program Studi Magister Farmasi
Fakultas Farmasi
Universitas Andalas
Cell Injury

• Cell injury occurs as a result of physical, chemical or biological insults or

as a result of vital substrate deficiency, which is characterized by such
changes in its structure, metabolism, physicochemical properties or
function that seriously compromise (endanger) its viability to adapt to
noxious stimuli
Causes
Cellular adaptation to stress
 Hypoxia
Hypoxia occurs when O2 transport from ambient air to the
cell is impaired.
There may be several causes:
Types of Hypoxia
Mechanism of hypoxic cell injury
Physiological responses to hypoxia: Vascular smooth muscle
cells
Physiological responses to hypoxia: Vascular smooth muscle
cells
Physiological responses to hypoxia: Carotid and
Neuroepithelial Bodies
Physiological responses to hypoxia: Regulation of cellular
metabolism
Hypoxia-Induced Factor (HIF)
HIF is a key transcription factor that allows rapid
adaptation to and survival in large range of reduced
oxygen concentration.

HIF is a heterodimer of an α subunit that is unstable in the

presence of relatively high levels of oxygen and a β
subunit that is not oxygen regulated
HIF-1 Regulates Oxygen homeostasis: Promote Angiogenesis
HIF-1 regulates shift to anaerobic metabolism

HIF-1 induces a variety of glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters

(Aldolase A and pyruvate kinase M) and also decreases mitochondrial
oxygen consumption by activating pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase I
and halting the citric acid cycle
Pathological responses to hypoxia
Bibliography

• Anonim. Chapter 1: Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations.

• Anonim. Chapter 4: Hypoxia and Oxygenation.
• Carlos, S., Causes of Cell injury.
• Melenchuk, E. V., S. A. Zhadan, F. I. Vismont. 2016. Cell Injury
(Pathophysiological aspects). Minsk BSMU.
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American Journal of Pathology. 164 (4).
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Melero. 2011. Molecular Pathways: Hypoxia response in immune cells
fighting or promoting cancer. Clinical Cancer Research.
• Silbernagl, S., F. Lang. 2000. Color Atlas of Pathophysiology. Thieme:
Stuttgart – New York.