Plasmodium

falciparum
 0verview
 Malaria
 Plasmodium falciparum biology
 toxins
 Vaccines
 Mosquitoes
What is Plasmodium falciparum?
 Protozoa
 Malaria

http://www.traveldoctor.info/diseases/1.html
 Impact
 300 million acute illness
 100 million deaths
 A child in Africa dies
every 30 seconds

http://mosquito.who.int/cmc_upload/0/000/015/372/RBMInfosheet_1.htm
 Most vulnerable population

http://www.lakareutangranser.se/default.asp?mall=1&ArtikelID=165&UrvKat=43&Kategori=
 Symptoms of infection
 Characteristic fever 2-3
day cycle
cold stage
hot stage
sweating stage
 Anemia
 Renal failure
 Seizures
 coma
 Diagnosis
 Symptoms
 Microscopy
 PCR
 ELISA

http://mosquito.who.int/docs/hbsm_diagnosis.htm
 Treatment
 Chloroquine most
common and effective
drug used to treat malaria
 Causes nausea, blurred
vision, and in some cases
neurological dysfunction
and seizures

http://www.globalphar.com/chl_pic.php
 Roll Back Malaria
 Insecticide treated nets
 Indoor residual spraying

 Intermittent

preventatives
 Prompt treatment

http://www.rbm.who.int/cgi-bin/rbm/rbmportal/custom/rbm/home.do
 Mosquitofish

http://www.clevelandaquariumsociety.org/mosquitofish.jpg
Life cycle of Plasmodium
Falciparum

http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/pfalcip01.htm
 Sporozoits in the liver
 Pores
 Kupffer cells
 Reproduction

http://k12education.uams.edu/scvlab/history.htm
 Sporozoits in the blood

http://astuasbalas.blogspot.com/2004_02_01_astuasbalas_archive.html
 Gametocyte development
 Sexual
commitment
 Sequestered in
bones
 Resistance to
quinine
 Longevity
“Female” gametocyte

http://www.bepast.org/dataman.pl?c=lib&dir=docs/photos/malaria
 Gametocyte Infectivity
 Temp drop
 Red blood cells
lysed
 Xanthurenic acid
and exflagellation
 eye color

http://lozere.org/perso/malaria/parasit.htm
 Gametogenisis
 Rapid morphological changes

“male” gametocyte

http://www.ksu.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/Plasmodium01.html
 Ookinets
 2 divisions
 Anatomy of a mosquito midgut

http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/biology/news/encounter/
 Oocysts
 Sporozoit budding
 Number of
sporozoits per
oocyst

http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/plasmodium.html
 Sporozoits
 Migration

http://www.malarlife.dfl.org.za/malaria%20virus%20photos.htm
Mosquito bites person…

http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/pfalcip01.htm
 Pathogenicity

http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.5757/outputRegister/lowhtml
 Toxins
 Resistance
 Hemozin

 TNF-alpha IL-1
and IFN-gamma

http://www.wordsources.info/words-mod-malaria.html
Tumor Necrosis factor

http://www.farm.kuleuven.ac.be/anafar/lab/protein/tnf.htm
 Toxicity and pathogenicity
Proteins and cell membranes
 Rosetting
 Five receptors
 Immune

system evasion?
 Antigenic Variation
 Opportunities abound

http://www.lovetoparty.co.nz/images/SURPRISE.jpg
 Crossover

http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/crossover.jpg
 Var Family

http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dir/labs/lmvr/mgs.htm
Research About Malaria
 PO phosphoriboprotein

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15322057
 Vaccines
 New treatment
 Acquired immunity

 challenges

http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/jmoodie/vacc2.html
Prevention of Liver stage infection

http://www.med.nyu.edu/parasitology/faculty/ufrevert.html
Vaccinating mosquitoes

http://www.bigthings.ca/manitoba/pictures/1mos1.jpg
 Paratransgenesis

http://www.mbl.edu/Astrobiology/Riley/image/E.co
li.gif
http://www.invivo.fiocruz.br/celula/imagens/bacillus.jpg
 Engineering mosquitoes
 3 stages
AgAper promoter
vitellogenin promoter
salvitory promoters

http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/206/21/3809/FIG2
 Other ways to reduce infection

http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/bees/

http://k12education.uams.edu/scvlab/history.htm
Future challenges
 Funding
 Research
 Distribution
 Funding
 Conclusion
 "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways
that won't work." Thomas Alva Edison
 Sources
 See notes section for a list of references
arranged by slide number.