Preventive and

Community Medicine 1
Epidemiology and Biostatistics
ARCHIE D BUNANI, RN MAN DRDM MD
 Doctor of Medicine
Southwestern University School of Medicine, 2017
Best in Medical Research, Best in Preventive and Community Medicine
 Doctor of Research Development and Management
University of the Philippines Open University, 2010
Cum Laude
 Master of Arts in Nursing
University of the Philippines, 2008
Cum Laude
 Bachelor of Science in Nursing
UC-College of Technological Sciences, 2006
Magna Cum Laude
ARCHIE D BUNANI, RN MAN DRDM MD
 Recipient
International Medical Graduate Scholarship Award
Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn New York USA

 Post-Graduate Internship
Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center
Best International Medical Graduate in Obstetrics, and Family Medicine

Southwestern University Medical Center

Best PGI in Pediatrics
ARCHIE D BUNANI, RN MAN DRDM MD
 Resident
Department of Family Medicine, Practice-based
San Pedro Hospital, Davao City
SCHEMES IN PASSING PCM 1
 Passing Requirements
1. 10% Attendance
2. 30% Worksheet
3. 30% Quizzes (daily) and Unit Exams
4. 30% Comprehensive Exams

 Comprehensive Exams
1. 2 sets – 1 set for knowledge, 1 set for skills

 Minimum Passing
1. 70%
SCHEMES IN PASSING PCM 1
 Removal
1. Given only to students who got an over-all grade between 66 to 69.9%

 Class Schedule
1. 8:00AM to 12:00NN – Lecture (8:15AM - considered late; 8:16 onwards – absent)
2. 1:30PM to 2:30PM – Quiz (No special exam to quizzes)
3. 2:30 PM to 3:30PM - Rationale
GENERAL COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Students who successfully complete this course should be able to correctly:

A. Describe key features and applications of descriptive and analytic epidemiology.

B. Calculate and interpret ratios, proportions, incidence rates, mortality rates, prevalence,
and years of potential life lost.
C. Calculate and interpret mean, median, mode, ranges, variance, standard deviation, and
confidence interval.
D. Prepare and apply tables, graphs, and charts such as arithmetic-scale line, scatter
diagram, pie chart, and box plot.
E. Describe the processes, uses, and evaluation of public health surveillance.
F. Describe the steps of an outbreak investigation
COURSE UNIT CONTENTS
 Unit 1
General Overview and Principles of Epidemiology

 Unit 2
Data Organizing, Assortment, Utilization and Biostatistics in Epidemiology

 Unit 3
Measures of Risk
COURSE UNIT CONTENTS
 Unit 4
Displaying Pubic Health Data

 Unit 5
Public Health Surveillance

 Unit 6
Investigating an Outbreak
BREAK
 10 minutes
UNIT 1
Definitions
Epidemiology

distribution
determinants of health-related states or events
specified populations
application towards control of health problems
Definition
Epidemiology
study
distribution
determinants of health-related states or events
specified populations
application towards control of health problems
Evolution of Epidemiology
 Circa 400 BC - Hippocrates
 1662 – John Graunt
 1800 – William Farr
 1854 – John Snow
 19th and 20th centuries – Doll and Hill, Framingham
Uses of Epidemiology
 Assessing the community’s health
 Making Individual Decisions
 Completing the Clinical Picture
 Searching for Causes
Core Functions of Epidemiology
 Public Health Surveillance
Core Functions of Epidemiology
 Field Investigation – Shoe Leather Epidemiology
Core Functions of Epidemiology
 Analytic Studies
1. Design
2. Conduct
3. Analysis
4. Interpretation
Core Functions of Epidemiology
 Evaluation
1. Effectiveness
2. Efficiency

1. Formative Evaluation
2. Process Evaluation
3. Summative Evaluation
Core Functions of Epidemiology
 Linkages
1. Team reporting
Core Functions of Epidemiology
 Policy Development
1. Application of the analysis
Epidemiologic Approach
 2 main approaches
1. Counts
2. Divide
3. Compare
Epidemiologic Approach
 Specific approaches
1. Define a case

a. Clinical Description
b. Laboratory criteria
c. Case Classification
Epidemiologic Approach
 Specific approaches
2. Criteria of a case

a. Suspected
b. Probable
c. Confirmed
Epidemiologic Approach
 Specific approaches
3. Modified Case Definitions

a. Common
b. Variations
c. Special definitions
Analytic Epidemiology
 Rate
 Ratios
 Proportions
 Percentages
Descriptive Epidemiology
 Use of 5W’s
 What - determinants
 Who - distributions
 Where – locations/places
 When - time
 Why/How – causes/risk factors
Descriptive Epidemiology
 Describe the line graph
Age
Reflections of Descriptive Epidemiology
 Uses Frequency and Patterns

 Bell Curve - comparison

 Inverted Bell Curve – usually seen in a Swarop’s Index
 Straight Trend – patterns of outbreak
 Downward Trend – patterns of cure
 Pulse – patterns for recurrence
 Slope – inadequate investigation, case finding or treatment
 Plateau – lost of activity or wrong reporting
Reflections of Descriptive Epidemiology
 Uses Frequency and Patterns

 Bell Curve
 Inverted Bell Curve
 Straight Trend
 Downward Trend
 Pulse
 Slope
 Plateau
Reflections of Descriptive Epidemiology
Reflections of Descriptive Epidemiology
Number of Pneumonia Deaths by Region, Philippines: 2016
Reflections of Descriptive Epidemiology
Reflections of Descriptive Epidemiology
Reflections of Descriptive Epidemiology
Reflections of Descriptive Epidemiology
Number of cases of PCAP-C per week of diagnosis; Philippines: 2017
Scientific Approaches of Epidemiology
 Retrospective
 Prospective

1. Experimental
2. Observational-cohort
3. Observational case-control
4. Observational cross-sectional