ELECTRIC MOTORS

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

TECHNOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF ELECTRIC MOTORS:

SPLIT - PHASE

START CAPACITOR
SQUIRREL
CAGE RUN CAPACITOR

2 VALUE CAPACITOR
ASYNCHRON.
SHADDED POLE

WOUND
SINGLE-PHASE REPULSION
ROTOR
RELUCTANCE
SYNCHRONOUS
HYSTERESIS
AC MOTOR UNIVERSAL
SQUIRREL CAGE
ASYNCHRONOUS
SLIP RING

THREE-PHASE
PERMANENT MAGNET

SYNCHRONOUS SALIENT POLES

CYLINDRIC ROTOR

SERIES EXCITATION

INDEPENDENT EXCITATION
DC MOTOR
COMPOUND EXCITATION

PERMANENT MAGNET
 FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS
BASIC CONCEPTS:

TORQUE: Also called Moment or Couple.

C = F . d = Force x distance [ Nm ]

ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY:

Power: - Active [W] P = V . I . cos 

- Reactive [ Var ] Q = V . I . sin  Q
- Apparent [ VA ] S=V.I 
Energy: - E = P . t ( active ) [ kWh ] P
-E=Q.t ( reactive ) [ kVArh ]

MECHANICAL POWER AND ENERGY:

E  P .t [ Wh, kWh, J ]
 FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS
POWER FACTOR :
P(k W) . 1000
cos  
3 . V . I .

P(k W)
EFFICIENCY :  (%)  . 100
3 .V . I . cos 

SINGLE-
PHASE
SYSTEMS TWO-PHASE

AC SYSTEMS : POLYPHASE THREE-PHASE

SIX-
PHASE,ETC
 FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS
CONNECTIONS FOR THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS:

STAR
IL

I L  I Ph
IPh VL
VPh VP h 
VL 3

IL

IPh VL  VP h
VL VPh I
I Ph  L
DELTA 3
 FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS
THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:

COMPONENTS:

- Stator : Frame, lamination core, three-phase winding.

- Rotor : Shaft, lamination core, short circuit rings and bars.

- Other components : Endshields, fan, terminal box, nameplate, bearings, fan cover, etc.

SYNCHRONOUS SPEED:

120 . f 60 . f
ns  
2p p

where: f - rated frequency

p - number of pairs of poles
 FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS
RATED SPEED:

n = ns ( 1 - s )

SLIP:

s  ns  n [ rpm ]

s 
ns
 n
ns
s 
ns  n  . 100 [%]
ns
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY
USUAL VOLTAGES:
Low Voltage: 220, 380, 440, 660 V
Medium Voltage: 2300, 4160, 6600 V

CONNECTIONS:
Series - Parallel
- Each phase is divided in 2 parts
- It is only possible when a voltage is twice the other
- Voltages: 220/440 V and 230/460 V
- Wires: 9 ( nine )

Star - Delta
- Double voltages, since the second voltage is times the first one: 220/380 V,
380/660 V, 440/760 V
- Wires: 6 ( six )
Triple Rated Voltage
- Voltages: 220/380/440/760 V
- Wires: 12 ( twelve )
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY

STARTING METHODS:

- Direct-on-line
- Star - delta
- Series - parallel
- Autotransformer starter
- Electronic by soft - starter
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY
DIRECT-ON-LINE
 Ideal
 Limited by the electricity supplying companies (utilities) due to voltage variation
problems in the power supply which can affect other users
 Motor protection becomes more expensive
STAR - DELTA START
 Used on applications having low torque loads or no load starts
 The motor must have 6 wires
 The starting current and starting torque are reduced from 25 to 33% of their values
 Double voltage, being the second voltag times the first
Ip / In Cp / Cn
6 (a)

4 (b) (a) Current at delta

3 (b) Torque at delta

(c) (c) Current at star
2
(d) (d) Torque at star
1
(e) (e) Resistant torque

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % speed
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY
SERIES-PARALLEL START
 Motor must be suitable to be reconnected to two voltages, that is, the lower
one equal to the power supply and the other one two times higher
 The motor must have 9 wires
 The more common rated voltage is 220/440 V
 During the start, motor is connected for the series method until it reaches its rated
voltage, and then it is switched to the parallel method.

AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER

 Motor starts with load

 Reduces the starting current, avoiding overload in the circuit
 The voltage in the compensator switch is reduced by an autotransformer
 Taps of the autotransformer : 50, 65 e 80% (most usual)
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY

VOLTAGE RATIO

1.0
0.9
K1
0.8
K2
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Um / Un
Reduction factors K1 e K2 as a function of the voltage ratio
between motor and power supply Um / Un
Example: For 85% of the rated voltage
 Il   Il   Il 
   K1 .    0.8 .  
 In  85%  In 100%  In 100%

 Tl   Tl   Tl 
   K2 .   0.66 .  
 Tn  85%  Tn 100%  Tn 100%
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY
Example of the performance characteristics of a 320 kW, 6 pole
motor, when it starts with 85% of the voltage
Torque in percentage of the rated torque

Current relation
200 6
1
5
2
4
100 3 3
4 2
1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%

Relation in percentage of the synchronous speed

Curves:
Il Il
1) ( Un ) 2) ( 85% Un )
In In
Tl Tl
3) ( Un ) 4) ( 85% Un )
Tn Tn
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY
ELECTRONIC START BY SOFT-
STARTER

 Smooth starting method

 Only voltage control ( 25 to 90% of the rated voltage)
 Acceleration time is adjustable
 ACCELERATION
CHARACTERISTICS
TORQUE X SPEED CURVE:

Torque (%)

Tmax
Tl
Tmin

Tn
100%

0
100 Speed (%)

Tmax, Tmin and Tl values are specified in IEC 34 Standard

DESIGNS:

N - Normal torques, normal starting current, low slip

H - High torques, normal starting current, low slip