Fiber Yarn Fabric

COURSE CODE: TEX 1105

Intro to Fiber Yarn Fabric

What is Textile?

The word ”textile” originally applied only to woven

fabrics, now generally applied to fibers, yarns, or fabrics
or products made offers, yarns or fabrics. The term
textile originates from the latin verb texere to weave
but, as the Textile Institute’s Terms and Definitions
Glossary explains, it is now ”a general term applied to
any manufacture from fibers, filaments or yarns
characterized by flexibility, fineness and high ratio of
Length to thickness”
Textile is a woven fabric; now applied
generally to any one of the following

Staple fibers and filaments suitable for conversion to or

use as yarns, or for the preparation of woven, knit, or
nonwoven fabrics.

Yarns made from natural or manufactured fibers

Fabrics and other manufactured products made from

fibers as defined above and from yarns

Garments and other articles fabricated from fibers,

yarns, or fabrics when the products retain the
characteristic flexibility and drape of the original fabrics
Textile is a very widly used
term which includes
All kinds of fibers(e.g: Cotton, Jute, Wool, Polyester,Viscose
etc)

All kinds of Process(e.g: Spinning, Weaving, Knitting, Dyeing,

Printing, Finishing etc.)

All kinds of machineries(e.g: Spinning machineries, Weaving

machineries, Knitting machineries, Dyeing machineries,
Testing machineries etc.)

To convert textile fiber into finished or end use

products(e.g: Garments, Technical textiles, Geo textiles,
Medical textiles, E-textiles etc.)
Importance of knowing Textiles

Textiles, especially fabrics the fundamental component

of a ready made garment, because it is the basic raw
material of a garment. So it is important to know the
manufacturing sequence of fabric from fiber. The quality
product is the main goal at present time, Without
knowledge of Textile manufacturing i.e. fiber, yarn and
fabrics it is impossible to maintain the quality of a
garment. Before elaborating on whole process of grey
fabric manufacturing Let us look on what is textile
fiber, yarn and fabric and what are the process flow
chart of Textile Manufacturing can be described
Textile Process Flow Chart
Fiber Yarn Fabric
Fibre

Fibre is a natural or chemical substance consisting of

flexibility which has a high ratio of length to its
diameter (Normally length is 1000 times greater then
its diameter)

A substance can be a fibre if its fulfill to main

conditions-
 It must be flexible.
 It must have a sufficient length which is 1000 times
greater than its diameter.
Textile Fibre

A Textile Fibre is a natural or chemical substance

which has all the requirements to be a fibre and
must have sufficient strength, inter attraction force,
fineness and spinability. A fibre which is spinable
is called textile fibre.
Properties of Textile Fibre

 Strength
 Fineness
 Inter attraction force
 Flexibility
 Elasticity
 Color
 Length
 Heat conductivity
 Chemically resistant
All Fibre are not Textile Fibre-

Fibre is a substance consisting of flexibility which

length is 1000 times greater than its diameter. On
the other hand the fibre which is spinnable is called
textile fibre. For an example, hair is a fibre because
its length is 1000 times greater than its diameter.
But it is non absorbent and has not sufficient
interaction force to twist themselves. For this
reason it is not textile fibre.
 Classification of Textile Fibre

Textile Fibre

Natural Fibre Manmade Fibre

Vegetable Animal Mineral

Regenerated INORGANIC Synthetic

 Classification of Natural Fibre

Natural Fibre

Vegetable Animal Mineral

Seed Bust Leaf Fruit

(Cotton) (Jute) (Pina) (Coir)

Wool Silk
Fibre to Garments Flow Chart

Fibre

Yarn

Fabric

Garments
Fibre to Garments Flow Chart (In broad sense)

Monomer

Polymer

Fibre

Yarn

Fabric

Garments
Monomer

The individual small molecule from which polymer is

formed is called monomer. The word mono means one
and the word mer means unit. So monomer means one
unit or single unit.

Mono + Mer = Monomer

One Unit One Unit

Polymer

A polymer may be a natural or synthetic

macromolecule comprised of repeating units of a
smaller molecule (monomers). The word poly means
many and mer means unit. So polymer means many
unit.

Poly + Mer = Polymer

Many Unit Many Unit

The process by which the monomer molecules are
linked to formed a big polymer molecule is called
polymerization. Monomer molecules are linked together
and formed a chain that is called polymer chain.

A Polymerization A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A

A + B Polymerization A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B

At the molecular level the polymer is extremely long

and linear where as the monomer is very small.
Monomers are usually reactive where as polymers tend
to unreactive.
Example
The most important polyester, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is made from
terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol monomers. Important that, homopolymer
contains only one kind of monomer, whereas copolymer contains at least two
kinds of monomers.
Arrangement of Polymer Chain

 Crystallinity: Crystallinity is the crystalline or regular

arrangement of polymer chain in a polymer system. In
crystalline region polymer chains are being parallel or
near about parallel one to another.

Influences:
 Polymer chains are being parallel or near about
parallel one to another. So that the hydrogen bonds
among polymer chains are very strong. Strength is
increases in the polymer system.
 There is small gap or no gap between two polymer
chain. So that the water molecule can not easily enter
into the polymer system. Water absorbency of polymer
system is reduce.
 Amorphous: Amorphous is the irregular arrangement
of polymer chain in a polymer system. In amorphous
region polymer chains are being irregular or random one
to another.

Influences:
 Polymer chains are being irregular or random one to
another. So that the hydrogen bonds among polymer
chains are very weak. Strength is decreases in the
polymer system.
 There is many gap between two polymer chain. So
that the water molecule can easily enter into the
polymer system. Water absorbency of polymer system is
increases.
Crystalline & Amorphous Region
Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Fibre

Crystalline Fibre Amorphous Fibre

Stronger Weaker

Less absorbent More absorbent

More durable Less durable

Less easily degraded by chemicals More easily degraded by chemicals.

Less easily dyed More easily dyed

Less pliable, stiffer handling More pliable, softer handling

Moisture Regain (M.R)

Moisture regain is the amount of water taken from

environment in its oven dry weight when any substance
are kept into the open environment. Mathematically
Moisture regain is the ratio of weight of water taken
from the environment to its oven dry weight. It is
usually expressed as percentage.
M.R % of Various Fibre

Fibre Name M.R%

Cotton 8.5%
Jute 13.75%
Silk 11%
Wool 16%
Polyester 0.4%
Nylon 6%
 Hydrophilic fibre: The fibre which has polarity
and attract the water molecule easily is called
hydrophilic fibre. Such as cotton, jute, silk, wool
etc. The fibre which has more M.R% is
hydrophilic in nature.

 Hydrophobic fibre: The fibre which is non polar

and does not attract the water molecule easily is
called hydrophobic fibre. Such as polyester, nylon
etc. The fibre which has lower M.R% is
hydrophobic in nature.
The water molecule and Textile Fiber

The comfort of textile materials depends very much

upon the moisture absorbency, hygroscopic or
hydrophilic nature of such material. The comfort derived
from fibres is critically dependent upon the ability of the
fibre to absorb moisture or the ability of its polymer
system to take up or attract water molecules. Water
plays an very important role in textile and clothing,
hence it is important to become familiar with the water
molecule and its polarity. The fibre which are more
absorbent or more hydrophilic are more comfortable in
nature. Again the moisture regain of fibre depends on
the hygroscopic nature of fibre. The which is more
hydrophilic has more moisture regain and thus more
comfortable. M.R of cotton and polyester are 8.5% and
0.4% respectively. Thus cotton is comfortable and
polyester is uncomfortable. M.R of jute fibre is 13.75%
and it is uncomfortable in nature. Jute fibre contains
lignin for this reason it is hard and thus less comfortable.
So that jute is different from other fibre.
Effect of Crystalline and Amorphous Region in Fibre

Crystalline region Regular arrangement Strength

Water absorbency Moisture regain
Static Electricity Comfortness

Amorphous region Regular arrangement Strength

Water absorbency Moisture regain
Static Electricity Comfortness
Requirements of fibre forming polymer

 Hydrophilic
 Chemically resistant
 Linear
 Long
 Capable of being oriented
 Able to form high melting point polymer system.