AMITY UNIVERSITY,JHARKHAND

MATERIAL SCIENCE

RAJEEV RANJAN
(ASST. PROFESSOR)
MATERIALS TESTING
Why are metals tested ?
 Ensure quality
 Test properties
 Prevent failure in use
 Make informed choices in using materials
Two forms of testing
 Mechanical tests – the material may be
physically tested to destruction. Will normally
specify a value for properties such as
strength, hardness, toughness, etc.

 Non-destructive tests (NDT) – samples or

finished articles are tested before being used.
HARDNESS TESTING
Hardness is the ability to withstand
indentation or scratches
 Hardness testing machine
 The indenter is
pressed into the
metal
 Softer materials
leave a deeper
indentation
BRINELL HARDNESS TESTING
BRINELL HARDNESS TESTING
Hardness testing machine
Brinell hardness test
 Uses ball shaped indentor.

 Cannot be used for thin

materials.

 Ball may deform on very

hard materials

 Surface area of indentation

is measured.
Rockwell hardness tests
 Gives direct reading.

 Rockwell B (ball) used for

soft materials.

 Rockwell C (cone) uses

diamond cone for hard
materials.

 Flexible, quick and easy to

use.
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
MACHINE
Impact Tests
 Toughness of metals is the ability to
withstand impact.
IMPACT TESTING
(a) Specimen used
for Charpy and Izod
impact tests.
(b) A schematic
drawing of an impact
testing
apparatus. The
hammer is released
from fixed height h
and strikes the
specimen; the energy
expended in fracture
is reflected in the
difference between h
and the swing height
Specimen
placements for both
Charpy and Izod
tests are also shown.
Two standardized tests,4 the Charpy and
Izod, were designed and are still used to
measure the impact energy, sometimes
The primary difference
also termed notch toughness. The
between
Charpy V-notch (CVN) technique is most
the Charpy and Izod
commonly used in the United States. For
techniques lies in the manner
both Charpy and Izod, the specimen is in
of specimen support.
the shape of a bar of square cross section,
into which a V-notch is machined.

The load is applied as an impact blow from a weighted pendulum hammer that
is released from a cocked position at a fixed height h.The specimen is
positioned at the base as shown. Upon release, a knife edge mounted on the
pendulum strikes and fractures the specimen at the notch, which acts as a point
of stress concentration for this high-velocity impact blow. The pendulum
continues its swing, rising to a maximum height which is lower than h. The
energy absorption, computed from the difference between h and is a measure
of the impact energy.
IZOD TEST
CHARPY TEST
Izod test
 Strikes at 167 Joules.

 Test specimen is held

vertically.

 Notch faces striker.

Charpy impact test
 Strikes form higher
position with 300 Joules.

 Test specimen is held

horizontally.

 Notch faces away from

striker.