Charging and Discharging Strategies

of Grid-
Connected Super-Capacitor Energy
Storage Systems
 Abstract
The energy storage is an effective technique for smoothing out the power
fluctuation of the renewable energy sources. Because a super-capacitor has
a fast charging/ discharging capability, long cycle life, and low-energy
capacity, the super-capacitor energy storage system (SCESS), which
consists of the super-capacitor, bidirectional DC-DC converter, and grid-
connected inverter, is able to ensure the power quality in a short duration of
time. This paper proposes the control strategies of both the bidirectional
DC-DC converter and gridconnected inverter for charging and discharging
operations of the SCESS. The switching pattern for achieving the zero
current switching (ZCS) commutation of the DC-DC converter in the
charging mode is suggested in order to reduce the switching loss.The
experimental results are carried out in order to validate the charging and
discharging performances of the SCESS and theZCS of bidirectional DC-
DC converter.
 Introduction
Recently, the distributed generation (DG) including the various renewable
energy sources has gained attention in order to reduce the environmental
pollution due to fossil fuels .
The powers supplied from the renewable energy sources such as the
photovoltaic (PV) array and wind turbine are widely varied with weather
conditions. The power fluctuations of renewal energy sources deteriorate
the power quality of the grid, and cause a grid instability.
The energy storage is an effective technique for smoothing out the power
fluctuation. Various energy storage systems (ESSs) have been introduced
for mitigating the power fluctuations on the grid due to the renewable
energy sources .
The battery energy storage system (BESS) has been popularly used at the
energy storage applications for smoothing the power fluctuations of the
PV and wind power generation systems .
However, because a battery has a low-power density per cell, a large number
of battery cells is needed to mitigate the power fluctuation.
• The battery may be damaged by rapid charging/discharging due to pulsed
load and the high peak power.
• The super-capacitor has a fast charging/discharging capability, long cycle
life, quick dynamic response, but low energy low energy capacity, opposite
to the battery .
• A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of the battery and the
super capacitor have been introduced, in order to combine the advantages
of both battery and super-capacitor .
• The power sharing between the battery and super-capacitor is realized
based on an adaptive intelligence technique an adaptive fuzzy logic and a
neural network . An optimization problem is formulated to minimize the
overall HESS, while maximizing the battery cycle life .
• The HESS can extend the battery lifetime and improve the dynamic
performance. However, the HESS requires the strategy for power
management of the battery and super capacitor.
 Existing Method
• The super-capacitor can be applied to replace the battery as the energy
storage to guarantee the power quality of applications required a quick
charging/discharging in a short duration of time.
• The eight-channel interleaved DC-DC converter with coupled inductor is
proposed in order to interface the super-capacitor energy storage system
(SCESS) to the DC voltage bus .
• The strategies to control and manage the SCESS are proposed in the
applications of the hybrid electric vehicles and in the applications of the
grid-connected PV and wind power generation systems .
• However, almost existing SCESS controls the dc-link voltage and the super-
capacitor current in the charging and discharging process by using the
bidirectional DC-DC converter for the energy exchanges between the
supercapacitor and the dc-link bus.
• They didn’t include the control strategy for bidirectional energy exchanges
between the dclink bus and the AC main grid through the grid-connected
inverter.
 Proposed Method
• This paper proposes the control strategies of the grid connected inverter as
well as the bidirectional DC-DC converter in the charging/discharging
operations of SCESS.
• The bidirectional isolated dual active bridge (DAB) DC-DC converter is
adopted for energy exchange between the super capacitor and dc-link
voltage bus.
• The switching pattern for achieving the zero current switching (ZCS)
commutation of the DAB circuit in the charging mode is proposed.
• The control strategies of both the DAB circuit and grid-connected inverter
in the charging/discharging operations are analyzed.
 Advantages
• Simple in structure,
• high conversion ratio and
• high efficiency, and
• galvanic isolation .
 Literature Survey
J. M. Carrasco, L. G. Franquelo, J. T Bialasiewicz, E. Galván, R. C. P
Guisado, M. Á. M. Prats, J. I. León, and N. Moreno-Alfonso: The
specification of a powerelectronic interface is subject to requirements
related not only to the renewable energy source itself but also to its effects
on the power-system operation, especially where the intermittent energy
source constitutes a significant part of the total system capacity. In this
paper, new trends in power electronics for the integration of wind and
photovoltaic (PV) power generators are presented. A review of the
appropriate storage-system technology used for the integration of
intermittent renewable energy sources is also introduced.
S. Vazquez, S. M. Lukic, E. Galvan, L. G. Franquelo, and J.
M.Franquelo,: Energy storage systems (ESSs) are enabling technologies
for well established and new applications such as power peak shaving,
electric vehicles, integration of renewable energies, etc. This paper presents
a review of ESSs for transport and grid applications, covering several
aspects as the storage technology, the main applications and the power
converters used to operate some of the energy storage technologies
Li, D. Hui, and X. Lai,: The battery energy storage station (BESS) is the
current and typical means of smoothing wind- or solar-power generation
fluctuations. Such BESS-based hybrid power systems require a suitable
control strategy that can effectively regulate power output levels and
battery state of charge (SOC). This paper presents the results of a
wind/photovoltaic (PV)/BESS hybrid power system simulation analysis
undertaken to improve the smoothing performance of wind/PV/BESS
hybrid power generation.
Wang, L. Sun, F. Wen, M. A. Salam, and S. P. Ang,: Integrating a wind farm
with a battery energy storage system (BESS) could improve the
intermittence and randomness of the output power of the wind farm, and
hence reduce the negative impacts on the security and economics of the
power system concerned. Given this background, an improved control
strategy is first proposed with the interactions between the current
charging/discharging status of BESS and the state of the charge (SOC)
constraints at the next time slot taken into account.
The bidirectional isolated dual active bridge (DAB) DC DC converter is
increasingly applied to the BESS, the dual full-bridge circuits in the
inverter side and the super-capacitor side are linked through a high-
frequency transformer.
A novel modulation technique based on the phase shift modulation is
suggested, in order to reduce switching loss without the voltage stress
across the switching devices.
It has two types of switching pattern according to the
Charging
discharging modes of the super-capacitor.
Charging operation of SCESS
• The closed loop control for the charging operation of the SCESS. The grid-
connected inverter controls the dc-link voltage across the capacitor
connected between the inverter and the bidirectional DC-DC converter to
its reference voltage.
• The output of the proportional-integral (pi) controller becomes a negative
reference d-axis grid current, and the qaxis grid current is controlled to zero
current. Therefore, the dc-link voltage can be regulated by the d-axis grid
current igd.
• The phase angle θ can be obtained from a phase-locked loop (pll) for
synchronizing the inverter output voltage with a gridvoltage.
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