Mechanics of Machines

(MoM)
 Kinematics of Gears and Gear trains
Gear terminologies- Law of gearing-
Interference and undercutting- Epicyclic gear
train
 Introduction

Slipping of a belt or rope is a common phenomenon, in the

transmission of motion or power between two shafts.

The effect of slipping is to reduce the velocity ratio of the system.

In precision machines definite velocity ratio is of importance (as in watch mechanism), the
only positive drive is by means of gears or toothed wheels.

A gear drive is provided, when the distance between the driver

and the follower is very small.
The wheel B will be rotated (by the wheel A) so long as the
tangential force exerted by the wheel A does not exceed the maximum frictional
resistance between the two wheels. But when the tangential force (P) exceeds the
*frictional resistance (F), slipping will take place between the two wheels
Advantages and Disadvantages of Gear Drive

The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the gear drive as compared to
belt, rope and chain drives :
Advantages
1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.
2. It may be used to transmit large power.
3. It has high efficiency.
4. It has reliable service.
5. It has compact layout.
Disadvantages
1. The manufacture of gears require special tools and equipment.
2. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during operation
Classification of Toothed Wheels
1. According to the position of axes of the shafts.
The axes of the two shafts between which the motion is to be transmitted, may be
(a) Parallel Shaft
Ex: Spur, Helical, Rack and Pinion, Herringbone and Internal Gear

(b) Intersecting
Ex : Bevel and spiral Gear

(b) Non-intersecting and non-parallel.

Ex: Worm, Hypoid and spiral gear
Types of
Gears

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2. According to the peripheral velocity of the
gears

(i) Low Velocity gears - V<3m /s

(ii) Medium Velocity - V = 3 to 15 m / s
(iii) High Velocity - V > 15 m /s

3. According to the type of gearing.

The gears, according to the type of gearing may be classified as

(a) External gearing, (b) Internal gearing, and (c) Rack and
pinion.
4. According to position of teeth on the gear surface.
The teeth on the gear surface may be
(a) straight, (b) inclined, and (c) curved.
Terms Used in Gears
1.Pitch circle. It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action,
would give the same motion as the actual gear.
2. Pitch circle diameter. It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of
the gear is usually
specified by the pitch circle diameter. It is also known as pitch diameter.
3. Pitch point. It is a common point of contact between two pitch
circles.
4.Pitch surface. It is the surface of the rolling discs which the meshing
gears have replaced at the pitch circle.
5.Pressure angle or angle of obliquity. It is the angle between the
common normal to two gear teeth at the point of contact and the
common tangent at the pitch point. It is usually denoted by φ.
The standard pressure angles are 1
2 14 ° and 20°.
6. Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to
the top of the tooth.
7.Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to
the bottom of the tooth.
8.Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth
and is concentric with
the pitch circle.
9. Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the
teeth. It is also called
root circle
10. Circular pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the
pitch circle from
a point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth.
It is usually denoted by pc.
Circular pitch, pc = π D/T
where D = Diameter of the pitch circle, and
T = Number of teeth on the wheel.
Note : If D1 and D2 are the diameters of the two meshing
gears having the teeth T1 and T2 respectively, then for
them to mesh correctly
11. Diametral pitch. It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle
diameter in millimetres.
It is denoted by pd . Mathematically

T = Number of teeth, and

D = Pitch circle diameter
12. Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to
the number of teeth.
It is usually denoted by m.

Module, m = D /T
13.Clearance. It is the radial distance from the top of the tooth to the
bottom of the tooth, in a meshing gear. Acircle passing through the top
of the meshing gear is known as clearance circle.

14.Total depth. It is the radial distance between the addendum and the
dedendum circles of a gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and
dedendum
15.Working depth. It is the radial distance from the addendum circle to
the clearance circle. It is equal to the sum of the addendum of the two
meshing gears.
16.Tooth thickness. It is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch
circle.

17.Tooth space . It is the width of space between the two adjacent teeth
measured along the pitch circle.

18.Backlash. It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth
thickness, as measured along the pitch circle. Theoretically, the backlash
should be zero, but in actual practice some backlash must be allowed to
prevent jamming of the teeth due to tooth errors and thermal expansion.

19.Face of tooth. It is the surface of the gear tooth above the pitch
surface
20.Flank of tooth. It is the surface of the gear tooth below the pitch
surface.
21. Top land. It is the surface of the top of the tooth.
22. Face width. It is the width of the gear tooth measured parallel to its
axis.
23. Profile. It is the curve formed by the face and flank of the tooth.
24. Fillet radius. It is the radius that connects the root circle to the
profile of the tooth.
25.Path of contact. It is the path traced by the point of contact of two
teeth from the beginning to the end of engagement.
26. *Length of the path of contact. It is the length of the common
normal cut-off by the addendum circles of the wheel and pinion.
27. ** Arc of contact. It is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle
from the beginning to the end of engagement of a given pair of teeth.
The arc of contact consists of two parts, i.e.

(a)Arc of approach. It is the portion of the path of contact from the

beginning of the engagement to the pitch point.
(b)Arc of recess. It is the portion of the path of contact from the pitch
point to the end of the engagement of a pair of teeth.

Note : The ratio of the length of arc of contact to the circular pitch is
known as contact ratio i.e. number of pairs of teeth in contact.
LAW OF GEARING

The law of gearing state that for obtaining

constant angular velocity ratio for all positions
of the wheels, the point P must be the fixed
point (called pitch point) for the two wheels. In
other words, the common normal at the point
of contact between a pair of teeth must always
pass through the pitch point.
This is the fundamental condition which must be
satisfied while designing the profiles for the
teeth of gear wheels. It is also known as law of
gearing
Velocity of Sliding of Teeth
The velocity of sliding is the velocity of one tooth relative to its
mating tooth along the common tangent at the point of contact
 Forms of Teeth
1. Cycloidal teeth ; and 2. Involute teeth
A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a
circle which rolls without slipping on a fixed straight line.

When a circle rolls without slipping on the outside of a fixed circle,

the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle is known
as epi-cycloid.
On the other hand, if a circle rolls without slipping on the inside of a
fixed circle, then the curve traced by a point
on the circumference of a circle is called hypo-cycloid.
Length of Path of Contact

When the pinion rotates in clockwise direction, the contact between

a pair of involute teeth begins at K (on the flank near the base circle
of pinion or the outer end of the tooth face on the wheel) and* ends
at L (outer end of the tooth face on the pinion or on the flank near
the base circle of wheel). MN is the common normal at the point of
contacts and the common tangent to the base circles. The point K is
the intersection of the addendum circle of wheel and the common
tangent. The point L is the intersection of the addendum
circle of pinion and common tangent.
rA = O1L = Radius of addendum circle of pinion,
RA = O2K = Radius of addendum circle of wheel,
r = O1P = Radius of pitch circle of pinion, and
R = O2P = Radius of pitch circle of wheel.
Contact Ratio (or Number of Pairs of Teeth in Contact)

The contact ratio or the number of pairs of teeth in contact is defined

as the ratio of the
length of the arc of contact to the circular pitch.

Mathematically,
Contact ratio or number of pairs of teeth in contact
= Length of the arc of contact / pc

where pc = Circular pitch = πm, and

m = Module.
Length of Arc of Contact
The arc of contact is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle
from the beginning to the end of engagement of a given pair of teeth.
In Fig. 12.11, the arc of contact is EPF or GPH. Considering the arc of
contact GPH, it is divided into two parts i.e. arc GP and arc
PH. The arc GP is known as arc of approach and the arc PH is called
arc of recess. The angles subtended by these arcs at O1 are called angle
of approach and angle of recess respectively
Gear Trains
Two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit
power from one shaft to another. Such a combination is called
gear train or train of toothed wheels.

Types of Gear Trains

1. Simple gear train,
2. Compound gear train,
3. Reverted gear train, and
4. Epicyclic gear train.
 Simple Gear Train
 When there is only one gear on each shaft it is known as simple gear train.
 Distance between the two shafts is small, the two gears 1 and 2 are made to mesh with
each other to transmit motion from one shaft to the other.
 the gear 1 drives the gear 2, therefore gear 1 is called the driver and the gear 2 is called
the driven or follower.

N1 = Speed of gear 1(or driver) in r.p.m.,

Speed ratio (or velocity ratio) of
N2 = Speed of gear 2 (or driven or follower) in
gear train is the ratio of the speed of
r.p.m.,
the driver to the speed of the driven
T1 = Number of teeth on gear 1, and
or follower
T2 = Number of teeth on gear 2.
The distance between the two gears is large.
1. By providing the large sized gear, or 2. By providing one or
more intermediate gears.

The speed ratio and the

train value, in a simple train
of gears, is independent of
the size and number of
intermediate.
These intermediate gears
are called idle gears, as
they do not effect the
Speed ratio or train value of
the system.
 Compound Gear Train
More than one gear on a shaft it is called a
compound train of gear.

The advantage of a compound train over a

simple gear train is that a much larger speed
reduction from the first shaft to the last shaft
can
be obtained with small gears
Reverted Gear Train

When the axes of the first gear (i.e. first driver)

and the last gear (i.e. last driven or follower) are co-axial,
then the gear train is known as reverted gear train
T1 = Number of teeth on gear 1,
r1 = Pitch circle radius of gear 1, and
N1 = Speed of gear 1 in r.p.m
Distance between the centres of the shafts of gears 1 and 2 as
well as gears 3 and 4 is same r1 + r2 = r3 + r4

The circular pitch or module of all the gears is assumed

to be same T1 + T2 = T3 + T4
 Epicyclic Gear Train

In an epicyclic gear train, the axes of the shafts, over which the gears are

mounted, may move relative to a fixed axis. A simple epicyclic gear train

is shown in Figure. where a gear A and the

arm C have a common axis at O1 about which they can rotate. The gear B

meshes with gear A and has its axis on the arm at O2, about which the gear

B can rotate. If the arm is fixed, the gear train is simple and gear A can

drive gear B or vice- versa, but if

gear A is fixed and the arm is rotated about the axis of gear A (i.e. O1),

then the gear B is forced to rotate upon and around gear A. Such a motion

is called epicyclic and the gear trains arranged in

such a manner that one or more of their members move upon and around

anothermember are known as epicyclic gear trains

The epicyclic gear trains are useful for transmitting high velocity ratios with gears of moderate size in a
comparatively lesser space. The epicyclic gear trains are used in the back gear of lathe, differential gears of the
automobiles, hoists, pulley blocks, wrist watches etc.
Velocity Ratioz of Epicyclic
Gear Train
In an epicyclic gear train, an arm carries two gears A and B having 36 and
45 teeth respectively. If the arm rotates at 150 r.p.m. in the anticlockwise
direction about the centre of the gear A which is fixed, determine the speed
of gear B. If the gear A instead of being fixed, makes 300 r.p.m. in the
clockwise direction, what will be the speed of gear B ?
Solution. Given : T A = 36 ; TB = 45 ; NC = 150 r.p.m. (anticlockwise)
An epicyclic gear train consists of a sun wheel S, a stationary internal gear E and three identical
planet wheels P carried on a star- shaped planet carrier C. The size of different toothed wheels
are such that the planet carrier C rotates at 1/5th of the speed of the sunwheel
S. The minimum number of teeth on any wheel is 16. The driving torque on the sun wheel is 100
N-m. Determine : 1. number of teeth on different wheels of the train, and 2. torque necessary to
keep the internal gear stationary
Gyroscope – Gyroscopic Effects on the Movement of airplanes and Ships –
Gyroscope
Stabilization.
 Whenever a rotational body changes its axis of
rotation, a couple is applied on the rotating body
(Shaft). This couple is known as gyroscopic couple.

When a body moves along a curved path with a uniform linear

velocity, a force in the direction of centripetal acceleration (known as
centripetal force) has to be applied externally over the body, so that it
moves along the required curved path. his external force applied is
known as active force

When a body, itself, is moving with uniform linear velocity along a

circular path, it is subjected to the centrifugal force* radially
outwards. This centrifugal force is called reactive force. The action
of the reactive or centrifugal force is to tilt or move the body along
radially outward direction.
 Practical Example for
Gyroscopic motion

Automobile moves in a curved path gyroscopic forces act

on spinning part such as crankshaft, flywheel, clutch, gears,
propeller shaft and wheels

Aeroplanes takes a turn, the gyroscopic effects influence the

engine parts as well as the propeller and the gear reduction
system
Gyroscopic effect is also seen in the ship during its steering
and pitching
Precessional Angular
Motion
The angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular
velocity with respect to time

Initial angular velocity of the disc (ω) is represented by vector

ox; and the final angular
velocity of the disc (ω + δω) is represented by vector ox′
The vector xx′ represents the change of angular velocity in
time δt i.e. the angular acceleration of the disc.
This may be resolved into two components, one
parallel to ox and the other perpendicular to ox.
dθ/dt is the angular velocity of the axis
of spin about a certain axis, which is
perpendicular to the plane in which the
axis of spin is going to rotate. This
angular velocity of the axis of spin (i.e.
dθ/dt) is known as angular velocity of
precession and is denoted by ωP. The
axis, about which the axis of spin is
to turn, is known as axis of
precession. The angular motion of the
axis of spin about the axis of
precession is known as precessional
angular motion.
Note
The axis of precession is perpendicular to the plane in which
the axis of spin is going to rotate.

1. If the angular velocity of the disc remains constant at all

positions of the axis of
spin, then dθ/dt is zero; and thus αc is zero.

2. If the angular velocity of the disc changes the direction, but

remains constant in magnitude, then angular acceleration of
the disc is given by αc= ω.dθ/dt = ω.ωP The angular
acceleration αc is known as gyroscopic acceleration
Gyroscopic
Couple
Effect of the Gyroscopic
Couple on an Aeroplane
ω = Angular velocity of the engine in rad/s,
m = Mass of the engine and the propeller in kg,
k = Its radius of gyration in metres,
I = Mass moment of inertia of the engine and the
propeller in kg-m2
= m.k2,
v = Linear velocity of the aeroplane in m/s,
R = Radius of
curvature in metres,
and ωP
= Angular velocity of precession = v /R rad/s
∴ Gyroscopic couple acting on the aeroplane,
C = I.ω.ωP
 Gyroscopic Effect Chart for Aeroplanes

S.No View Point Direction of Turn Effect

Propeller
rotation
1 Rear end Clockwise Left Nose Raised Tail Depressed

2 Rear end Clockwise Right Nose Depressed Tail Raised

3 Rear end Anticlockwise Left Nose Depressed Tail Raised

4 Rear end Anticlockwise Right Nose Raised Tail Depressed

5 Front end Anticlockwise Left Nose Raised Tail Depressed

6 Front end Anticlockwise Right Nose Depressed Tail Raised

7 Front end Clockwise Left Nose Depressed Tail Raised

8 Front end Clockwise Right Nose Raised Tail Depressed

An aeroplane makes a complete half circle of 50 metres radius,
towards left,when flying at 200 km per hr. The rotary engine and
the propeller of the plane has a mass of 400 kg and a radius of
gyration of 0.3 m. The engine rotates at 2400 r.p.m. clockwise
when viewed from the rear. Find the gyroscopic couple on the
aircraft and state its effect on it

Solution. Given : R = 50 m ; v = 200 km/hr = 55.6 m/s ; m = 400 kg ; k = 0.3 m ;

N = 2400 r.p.m. or ω = 2π × 2400/60 = 251 rad/s
We know that mass moment of inertia of the engine and the propeller,
I = m.k2 = 400(0.3)2 = 36kg-m2
and angular velocity of precession,
ωP = v/R = 55.6/50 = 1.11 rad/s
We know that gyroscopic couple acting on the aircraft,
C = I. ω. ωP = 36 × 251.4 × 1.11 = 100 46 N-m
= 10.046 kN-m Ans.

when the aeroplane turns towards left, the effect of the gyroscopic couple is to lift the
nose upwards and tail downwards. Ans.
Terms Used in a
Naval Ship

The fore end of the ship is called

bow and the rear end is known as
stern or aft. The left hand and
right hand sides of the ship,when
viewed from the stern are called
port and star-board respectively.

1. Steering, 2. Pitching, and 3.

Rolling.
Effect of Gyroscopic Couple on a
Naval Ship during Steering
Effect of Gyroscopic Couple on a
Naval Ship during Pitching
 • Angular velocity of precession,
• ∴ Angular displacement of the axis of

spin from mean position after time t

seconds,
• The angular velocity of precession will be
θ = φ sin ω1. t
where φ = Amplitude of swing i.e.
maximum angle turned from the mean
position in radians, and
ω1 = Angular velocity of S.H.M.
maximum, if cos ω1.t = 1.
∴ Maximum angular velocity
of precession,
ωPmax= φ.ω1 = φ × 2π / tp ...(Substituting
cos ω1.t = 1)
Let I = Moment of inertia of the rotor in
kg-m2, and
ω = Angular velocity of the rotor in rad/s.

∴ Mamimum gyroscopic couple,

Cmax= I. ω. ωPmax
Effect of Gyroscopic Couple on a
Naval Ship during Rolling
We know that, for the effect of gyroscopic couple to occur, the axis of precession
should always be perpendicular to the axis of spin. If, however, the axis of
precession becomes parallel to the axis of spin, there will be no effect of the
gyroscopic couple acting on the body of the ship.

In case of rolling of a ship, the axis of precession (i.e. longitudinal axis) is always
parallel to the axis of spin for all positions. Hence, there is no effect of the
gyroscopic couple acting on the body of a ship
 Gyroscopic Effect Chart for Ship during steering

S.No View Point Direction of Turn Effect

Rotor rotation

1 Stern Clockwise Left Bow Raised Stern Depressed

2 Stern Clockwise Right Bow Depressed Stern Raised

3 Stern Anticlockwise Left Bow Depressed Stern Raised

4 Stern Anticlockwise Right Bow Raised Stern Depressed

5 Bow Anticlockwise Left Bow Raised Stern Depressed

6 Bow Anticlockwise Right Bow Depressed Stern Raised

7 Bow Clockwise Left Bow Depressed Stern Raised

8 Bow Clockwise Right Bow Raised Stern Depressed

 Gyroscopic Effect Chart for Ship during pitching

S.No Pitching View Direction of Rotor Effect

Point rotation

1 Upward Stern Clockwise Ship turned towards star-board side

2 Upward Stern Anticlockwise Ship turned towards Port side

3 Upward Bow clockwise Ship turned towards Port side

4 Upward Bow Anticlockwise Ship turned towards star-board side

5 Downward Stern clockwise Ship turned towards Port side

6 Downward Stern Anticlockwise Ship turned towards star-board side

7 Downward Bow Clockwise Ship turned towards star-board side

8 Downward Bow Anticlockwise Ship turned towards Port side

A ship propelled by a turbine rotor which has a mass of 5 tonnes and a speed of
2100 r.p.m. The rotor has a radius of gyration of 0.5 m and rotates in a clockwise
direction when viewed from the stern. Find the gyroscopic effects in the following conditions:

1.The ship sails at a speed of 30 km/h and steers to the left in a curve having 60 m radius.
2.The ship pitches 6 degree above and 6 degree below the horizontal position. The bow is
descending with its maximum velocity. The motion due to pitching is simple harmonic and the
periodic time is 20 seconds.
3.The ship rolls and at a certain instant it has an angular velocity of 0.03 rad/s clockwise when
viewed from stern. Determine also the maximum angular acceleration during pitching.
Explain how the direction of motion due to gyroscopic effect is determined in each case
Solution. Given : m = 5 t = 5000 kg ; N = 2100 r.p.m. or
ω = 2π × 2100/60 = 220 rad/s ;
k = 0.5 m

1. When the ship steers to the left

Given: v = 30 km / h = 8.33 m / s
; R = 60 m We know that
angular velocity of precession,
ωP = v/R = 8.33/60 = 0.14 rad/s
and mass moment of inertia of the rotor
I = m.k2 = 5000(0.5)2 = 1250kg-m2
∴ Gyroscopic couple,
C = I.ω.ωP = 1250 × 220 × 0.14 = 38 500 N-m = 38.5 kN-m
when the rotor in a clockwise direction when viewed from the stern and the ship steers to
the left, the effect of reactive gyroscopic couple is to
raise the bow and lower the stern.
2. When the ship pitches with the bow
descending
Given: φ = 6° = 6 × π/180 = 0.105 rad/s ; tp=
20 s
We know that angular velocity of simple harmonic
motion, ω1 = 2π / tp = 2π / 20 = 0.3142 rad/s
and maximum angular velocity of precession,
ωPmax= φ.ω1 = 0.105 × 0.3142 = 0.033 rad/s
∴ Maximum gyroscopic couple,
Cmax= I.ω.ωPmax = 1250 × 220 × 0.033 = 9075 N-m
Since the ship is pitching with the bow descending, therefore the effect of this maximum
gyroscopic couple is to turn the ship towards port side.
3. When the ship rolls
Since the ship rolls at an angular velocity of 0.03 rad / s,
therefore angular velocity of precession when the ship
rolls,
ωP= 0.03 rad /s

∴ Gyroscopic couple,
C = I.ω.ωP = 1250 × 220 × 0.03 = 8250 N-m
In case of rolling of a ship, the axis of precession is always parallel to the axis of spin for all
positions, therefore there is no effect of gyroscopic couple. Ans.

Maximum angular acceleration during pitching

We know that maximum angular acceleration during
pitching. αmax= φ (ω1)2 = 0.105 (0.3142)2 = 0.01
rad/s2Ans
Governers
• Functions of Governors – Gravity controlled and
Spring controlled governor characteristics.
Stability – Hunting and Isochronisms. Effect of
friction – Calculation of equilibrium speeds and
ranges of speed of governors.
• Gyroscopic couple – Gyroscopic effects on the
movement of air planes and ships – Stability of
two wheel drive and four wheel drive –
Gyroscope stabilization.
Functions of
Governors

1. Gravity controlled and Spring controlled governor

characteristics
2. Stability Hunting and Isochronisms
3. Effect of friction Calculation of equilibrium speeds
and ranges of speed of governors.
4. Gyroscopic couple
5. Gyroscopic effects on the movement of air planes
and ships
6. Stability of two wheel drive and four wheel drive
7. Gyroscope stabilization
 Functions of Governors
The function of a governor is to regulate the
mean speed of an engine, when there are variations in the
load.
when the load on an engine increases, its speed
decreases, therefore it becomes necessary to increase the
supply of working fluid. On the other hand, when the load
on the engine decreases, its speed increases and thus less
working fluid is required. The governor automatically
controls the supply of working fluid to the engine with the
varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within
certain limits.
 Different between Governor and
Flywheel
The function of a flywheel in an
engine is entirely different from that of a
governor. It controls the speed variation caused by
the fluctuations of the engine turning moment
during each cycle of operation. It does not control
the speed variations caused by a varying load. The
varying demand for power is met by the governor
regulating the supply of working fluid.
 Types of Governors
The governors may, broadly, be classified as
1. Centrifugal governors,
2. Inertia governors.
 Centrifugal Governors
The centrifugal governors are based on the
balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls
by an equal and opposite radial force.
It consists of two balls of equal mass, which
are attached to the arms These balls are known as
governor balls or fly balls.
The controlling force is provided either by the
action of gravity as in Watt governor or by a spring
as in case of Hartnell governor.
When the balls rotate at uniform speed,
controlling force is equal to the centrifugal force
and they balance each other.
 Terms Used in Governors
• Height of a governor
It is the vertical distance from the centre of
the ball to a point where the axes of the arms (or
arms produced) intersect on the spindle axis. It is
usually denoted by h.
• Equilibrium speed
It is the speed at which the governor balls,
arms etc., are in complete equilibrium and the
sleeve does not tend to move upwards or
downwards.
• Mean equilibrium speed
It is the speed at the mean position of the
balls or the sleeve.
• Maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds.
The speeds at the maximum and minimum radius
of rotation of the balls, without tending to move
either way are known as maximum and minimum
equilibrium speeds respectively.
Sleevse lift.
It is the vertical distance which the sleeve
travels due to change in equilibrium speed.
 Watt Governor
The simplest form of a centrifugal governor is a
Watt governor. The arms of the governor may be
connected to the spindle in the following three
ways :
1.The pivot P, may be on the spindle axis
2.The pivot P, may be offset from the spindle
axis and the arms when produced intersect at O,
as shown in Fig.
3. The pivot P, may be offset, but the arms cross
the axis at O
The ball is in equilibrium under the action of
1. the centrifugal force (FC) acting on the ball,
2. the tension (T) in the arm, and
3. the weight (w) of the ball.
Calculate the vertical height of a Watt governor when it rotates at
60 r.p.m. Also find the change in vertical height when its speed
increases to 61 r.p.m.
Given : N1 = 60 r.p.m. ; N2 = 61 r.p.m.
To Find:
h1 at 60
h2 at 61
 Porter Governor
The Porter governor is a modification of a Watt’s
governor, with central load attached to the
sleeve.
The load moves up and down the central
spindle. This additional downward force
increases the speed of revolution required to
enable the balls to rise to any predetermined
level.
Consider the forces acting on one-half
of the governor