The First Voyage Around

the World by Antonio

Pigafetta
L A Z O, M a r k L or e n z
MOLIJON, Chrishelle Myca
R O M E R O, P a t r i c i a M a r i z
S U N , Ke l l y Loi s
About the Author
Antonio Pigafetta
—Travelled with Ferdinand
Mag ellan on his voyage
— Served as Magellan’ s
assistan t
— One of the 18 me n that
survived out of 240
Antonio Pigafetta
— born into a w ealthy Vic enza
family
— studied astron omy,
geography, and cartogra ph y
— I talian s cholar and explorer
of Re public of Venice
Historical Background
The First Voyage Around
the World, 1519 to 1522
— a narrative and cartographic
narrative of Magellan’s voyage
around the world
— a remarkably accurate ethnographic
and geographical account of the
circumnavigation
Context Analysis
Importance and
Relevance
Hydrogen Bonding in Alcohols
— alcohols can
easily form
hydrogen bonds
— a l c o h o l s a re
polar
— short-chain
a l c o h o l s a re
w a t e r- s o l u b l e
— alcohols have
high boiling points
Classifications of Alcohols
P R I M A RY
1 R attached to the Can oxidize to
hydroxyl carbon (C-OH) aldehydes then to
carboxylic acids
then to carboxylic
acids
Classifications of Alcohols
S E C O N D A RY
R and R’ attached to Can oxidize to
hydroxyl carbon ketones
Classifications of Alcohols
T E RT I A RY
R, R’, R’’ attached to
hydroxyl carbon

Cannot be oxidized
easily
Classification
s of Alcohols
Carboxylic acids
— are polar in nature
— react with bases to form
salts

common c arboxylic acids

Esters
— f o rm s w h e n a c i d s re a c t w i t h
alcohols
 Triglycerides
— biologically important esters
— m a d e u p o f 1 g l y c e ro l m o l e c u l e a n d 3 f a t t y
acid chains
— e d i b l e f a t s ( s o l i d s ) a n d o i l s ( l i q u i d s ) a re
t r i g l ygcl e
y cr e
i droels + 3 f a t t y a c i d → t r i g l y c e r i d e +
3 H2O
 — S AT U RAT E D
– C-C single bonds only
– full of Hydro gen
– if a ll acids are s aturated =
Triglyceride SOLID

s — U N S AT U RAT E D
– any double or triple bonds
– mo re Hy drogen can be
added
– highly unsaturated
triglycerides = LIQUID (oils)
 — este rs are no t very re active, but
Hydrolysis they can be hydrolyzed (chemical
breakdown due to reaction with water)
of Esters — r e v e r s e o f t h e e s t e r- f o r m a t i o n
r e a c t i o n a . k . a . e s t e r i fi c a t i o n
Transesterification
— re a c t i o n t h a t p ro d u c e s b i o d i e s e l
1 mole triglyceride + 3 moles alcohol
→ 1 m o l e g l y c e ro l + 3 m o l e s f a t t y a c i d s
(biodiesel)
(a) 24g (2C) + 6g (6H) + 16g (O) =
46g ethanol
(b) 46 * 3 = 138g ethanol
(c) 885.46g + 138g – 92g = 931.46g
fatty esters
(d) 931.46g + 92g – 200g =
823.46g ethanol
end