RESEARCH

“Research is a high sounding word that

scares a lot of people. It needn’t be. It is
rather simple. It is a friendly attitude
towards change, instead of waiting for it to
come. Research is an effort to do things
better.”
C.F. Kettering
“There is nothing new under
the sun but there are lots of
old things we don’t know.”

Ambrose Bierce

RE-SEARCH
As a scientific method, it involves the major steps:

1.Identification of a problem.
2.Formulation of hypothesis.
3.Data Collection
4.Data Analysis
5.Drawing of Conclusion

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General Types of Research

1.Descriptive
2.Explanatory or Correlational
3.Experimental

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Descriptive (What, When, Where, How)
Example:
 “The Medicinal Components of five kinds of Bohol
Backyard Plants”
 “Smoking Habits of Call Center Agents”
 The Record Keeping Practices of the Academic and
Non-Academic Offices in Holy Name University.

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Explanatory or Correlational (Why,How)
Example:
 “Socio-economic Factors and Absenteeism among
High School Students”
 “Aspirations and Academic Performance of Senior
High School Students”
 Hemispheric Dominance and Reading
Comprehension

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Experimental Research (Effect)
Example:
 “The Effect of Cooperative Learning Approach on the
Academic Performance of Senior High School in Holy
Name University”
 “The Effect of In-House Research Capability Building on
the Research Productivity of Holy Name Academic and
Non-Academic Personnel”
 Does Pantawid Foster Dependence or Encourage
Work?: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment
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QUANTITATIVE vs. QUALITATIVE
EXAMPLES
 “Remedial Teaching: Its Effect
on the Academic
Performance of the Slow
Learners”
 “ Factors Associated with
Tardiness and Absenteeism
among Barangay High
Students”
EXAMPLES
 Menopuase: Working
Women’s Perceptions,
Experience and Coping
Strategies”
 Underground Economy: A
Survival Strategy of Public
School Teachers
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WHAT ARE YOUR RESEARCH
STRENGTHS and NEEDS?
TASK NO. 1 BY GROUPS/CLUSTER
STRENGTHS NEEDS

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 RESEARCH
TOPICS
Based on the Research
Agenda
HOLY NAME UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AGENDA
1. CULTURE AND ARTS
2. SOCIO-POLITICAL CONCERNS
3. HEALTH AND SAFETY
4. INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS AND ISSUES
5. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
6. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
7. SERVICES and PRODUCTS
8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
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 PRINCIPLES of RESEARCH PRIORITIZATION

 Multi-disciplinarity- Researches that involve the

expertise in researchers in several disciplines are
preferred than a single discipline.
 Research collaboration- collaboration of
researchers inside or outside the University is
encouraged. Research mentoring is enhanced.

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 PRINCIPLES of RESEARCH PRIORITIZATION

 Multiple research methods utilization-use of various

methods of research in quantitative, qualitative or
mixed method.
 High Impact research-High impact on the greatest
number of individuals or stake holders.
 Operationalization- researches should investigate
and explain relationships of different phenomena
rather than simply documenting association
among observable events, phenomena or factions

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 The Process

Problem Hypotheses, Literature

Topic Formulation Framework Review

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Task No. 2 Identifying a Topic.

1. Choose a research topic.

2. Brainstorm about the topic identified.
 Will this topic enable you to read and understand literature?
 Can you manage the materials available?
 Is this topic something that interests you?
 Is this topic researchable? Feasible?
 Is it research worthy?

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What is research topic or research problem?

1.An incongruence
2.A gap between what is and what
ought to be.
3.An issue that needs to be
addressed

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 The GAP
What ought to
be
(the ideal)

What is
(Current situation)

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Key Points
• Is the topic clear and focused?
• Is it manageable?
• Is it within your area of interest?
• Will it add to the body of knowledge?
• Is it research worthy?

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Deepening the Research Problem
•
Where

What Why

How Who
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Statement of the Problem

Problem Statement

Question
Topic Form
Form
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 Question Form vs Topic Form
Question Topic
1. What are the solid waste
 Solid waste management problems of
management problems of Holy Name University when classified
according to ways of disposal.
Holy Name University?

2. What water and sanitation  Prevalent diseases in Bohol which

are: a. water-based b. sanitation-
based diseases are prevalent based
in the island of Bohol?

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Choosing the Research Title
EXAMPLE:
PROGRAM RESEARCH TITLE: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY of
CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
PROJECT RESEARCH TITLES:
Project 1: Corporate Social Responsibility of Basic Education
Catholic Schools
Project 2: Corporate Social Responsibility of Higher Education
Catholic Schools.

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 Choosing a Research Title
Project 2: Corporate Social Responsibility of
Higher Education Catholic Schools.
Study 1: Corporate Social Responsibility of
Urban Higher Education Catholic Schools

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 How to Choose a Title
• Title describes the scope of the research. It also suggests the type of
research.
• It must be informative and relevant to capture the attention of the
reader.
• It should not be too long. (10 to 15 functional words.)
• Should contain the variables to be studied.
• Not expressed in a question form.
• Use of acronyms should be avoided or limited.

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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Elements Criteria
 Stated clearly  Clearly indicate what is
to be investigated.
 Present a method of
solving the problem.  Stated in either
declarative of question
 Contains the purpose, form.
statement of objectives,
scope the study.  Indicates the variables
and the relationships of
the variables to be
studied.
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Study Title: Academic Performance of Students
and Their Parents’ Economic Status
Problem Statement:
1. Does the parents economic status relate to the students
academic performance? (Descriptive)
1.1 What is the economic status of families that the students
belong?
1.2 What is the academic performance of students?
2. Is there a relationship between the parents economic status and
the academic performance? (Correlational/Inferential)

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Study 1: Visual Arts Among the Indigenous
Peoples of Bohol
Problem Statement:
1. What are the different kinds of visual arts of the indigenous
peoples of Bohol?
1.1 What the visual arts designs of male artist?
1.2 What are the visual arts designs of female artist?
1.3 Do male artists differ from female artist in visual arts
design?

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Study 1: Corporate Social Responsibility of Urban Higher
Education Catholic Schools
Problem Statement:
1. What are the corporate social responsibility activities of catholic higher
education institutions in the urban centers.
1.1. Who are the beneficiaries/partners in the various activities?
1.2 What is the status of the urban communities before the CSR
activities were implemented?
1.3 What gains were achieved by the beneficiaries/partners after
the implementation?

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Complete Parts of the Proposal
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION Research Design

Rationale Research Environment

Theoretical Background Research Respondents

THE PROBLEM Research Instrument

Statement of the Problem Research Procedure

Statement of the Hypothesis Data Gathering

Significance of the Study Statistical Treatment

Scope and Limitations DEFINITION OF TERMS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

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Why are you embarking in
this study?

THE RATIONALE:
1. Theory that you have
read. (Prove, Apply)
2. Narrow the gap that has
been recognized.
3. Expand the body of
knowledge.
4. Other reasons.
 Outputs expected:
√ Research Topic

√ Research Title

√ Statement of the Problem

√ Rationale of the Study

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• THEORY UTILIZATION
IN RESEARCH
Why use theory/theories in research

Theories in research:

• provide justification that a research problem of

interest is researchable
• contain concepts which are the raw materials of
variables
• define categories of the variables
• provide support in the analysis and interpretation of
data
Making the Theoretical Background

• schematic diagram and its brief explanation

• theories / models that support the research
problem
• legal basis (optional)
• review of related literature and related
studies
• synthesis of the concepts lifted from theories
and studies
• Suggestions:
Support the research problem title with
theories and related studies. The theories will help
define the variables. The related studies will help
interpret the results of the present study by
allowing the researcher to discuss the findings in
terms of agreement or non-agreement with other
studies.
The Hierarchy
• Theory – abstract statements that make claims about the world and how it
works

• Concepts – general expression of a phenomenon

• Indicators – the phenomena that point to the existence of the concepts

• Variables – the components of the indicators that can be measured

• Values – actual units or methods of measurement of the variables

Example:
Theory = poverty leads to poor health
Concept = poverty
Indicator = poor living conditions
Variable = provision of sanitary facilities
Value = number of sanitary facilities per
household
• Research activities can be divided into two
categories:

1. Those that verify a theory

2. Those that generate a theory

• In both cases, it is necessary to break down the

theoretical statements to make them researchable
and testable.
Examples of Descriptive Theory

• Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory

• The Theory on Personality (The Four Humor)
(Choleric, Phlegmatic, Sanguinic and
Melancholic)
Examples of Explanatory Theory

▪ Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

“Social interaction plays and important role in cognitive
development and learning.”
▪ Stephen Krashen’s Affective Filter Theory
“Affective variables such as motivation, self-confidence and
anxiety play a facilitative role in second language learning.”
What is a concept?

• mental image of an object or phenomenon

• general expression of a particular phenomenon
(e.g. anger, speed, alienation, socialism)

▪ word or phrase that labels an abstract but

commonly understood object or phenomenon
• Many common concepts are shared by
everyone in society, although there are
variations of meaning between different
cultures and languages.

• Ex: “fidelity” will mean something different

to a Muslim and a Catholic.
• Concepts are easily understandable in natural sciences where
precise definition is usually possible (acceleration, radio wave,
elements, force etc.)

• Human concepts are difficult to pin down accurately as their

meanings are often based on opinions, emotions, values,
traditions etc.
•
• Ex: fidelity, honesty, enthusiasm, affluence,
• vagrancy, dominance, effectiveness, learning etc.
• Indicators – perceivable phenomena that give an
indication that the concept is present.
Many concepts are abstract in nature
and difficult or even impossible to
measure or evaluate, and therefore
indicators are necessary.
Example

• Concept : anger
• Indicators: clenched fists, agitated demeanor,
spluttering, wide open eyes,
stamping, reddened face, increased
heartbeat, increased adrenalin.
• Variables – components of the indicators that can be measured.
The gauge of the degree or extent of an indicator requires a
measurable component, thus, there is a need to focus only on
what can be measured.
Example: It is easy to measure heartbeat or to ask a person how
angry he is.
In natural sciences, the identification of variables is usually more
simple.
Ex: temperature, density, speed, velocity etc.
Values – units of measurement

Example:
heartbeat = beat per minute
enthusiasm = high, average, low
Example
Research Title: Economic Development in Relation to the Natural Growth
of Population

This study is based on the Demographic Transition Theory which

maintains that the decline in the natural increase in population can be
explained by tracing the socioeconomic development of countries,
which includes a) economic aspect (e.g. income increase); b) social
aspects (e.g. equal distribution of opportunities for social mobility); c)
health aspects (e.g. availability of advanced medical technology and
medicine); and d) psychological aspects (e.g. enhancement of self-
esteem (in Padua, 2000).
 Theory : Demographic Transition Theory
Concepts: socioeconomic development, natural increase of
population
Propositional Statement: Socioeconomic development has a
General
suppressing effect on natural increase of population.
(Abstract)

Translate Concepts into Variables

Socioeconomic Development = economic
development (per capita income)
Natural Increase of Population = difference between
number of crude births number of crude
deaths
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) = CBR - CDR

Specific
(Concrete) Formulate Hypothesis
Countries that have high increase in per capita income
experience decline in the natural increase of population.
 Theory: Affective Filter
General Concepts: Affective or emotional variables , Second
Language Learning
(abstract) Propositional statement: affective or emotional variables play
a facilitative role in second language learning

Translate Concepts Into Variables

Affective Variables: Anxiety

Second Language Learning: Final Grades in English IV

Formulate Hypothesis
Specific
Students who experience high anxiety in their class in English
(Concrete) have low final grades in the subject
 Theory : Supervisory effectiveness in influenced by the human resource management
skills and personal characteristics of a leader.
General
Concepts : supervisory effectiveness, human resource management skills,
personal characteristics of a leader

Translate Concepts into Variables

Supervisory Effectiveness = number of complaints, better attendance, high morale of
subordinates, ability of supervisory units to meet deadlines
Human Resource Management Skills = skills in handling conflict, in organizing the right
workforce for the right type of job, in
establishing and maintaining empathy
Personal Characteristics of a Leader = training, years of work experience and mental
ability

Formulate Hypothesis: There is a significant correlation between supervisory effectiveness

and human resource management skills measured in the aspects of the leader’s skill in:
a. handling conflict;
b. organizing the right workforce for the right type of job;
c. establishing and maintaining empathy: (variables may be expanded to include)
Specific d. training;
e. years of work experience; and
f. mental ability.
 Theories Legal Bases
* Affective Filter * Article VIII of the Code of Ethics for
by Stephen Krashen Teachers (The Teacher and the
Learner)
*Affective Traits of A Teacher: A Model
by James Stronge * Article VI of Republic Act No. 7610

Students in English III

Class

* sex
* family background

Levels of Anxiety based Academic Performance

on factors as: in English III

* Teacher * Very High

* Lesson difficulty * High
* Classmates * Average
* Class participation * Low
* Tests * Very Low
Scope and Limitation

This part indicates study coverage and limitations with concrete

reference to:
=variables
=sources of data
=methods employed in data collection and analysis
=time frame
=constraints encountered in the investigation

Ex. Non-availability of data, uncooperativeness of respondents, inability

of respondents to recall accurate responses, confidentiality of some
relevant info

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Significance of the Study
This part answers the question:
Who are going to benefit from the study?
How? Why?
Example:
Curriculum Makers. The result will enable them to see the
importance of crafting a curriculum that will always take
into consideration the holistic approach to teaching in
terms of content and strategies so as not to lean on the
development of the one side of the brain only.

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Research Methodology
• Research Method = What method is used in the research? (qualitative or quantitative?
Content analysis? Experimental? Descriptive?) Why is this method appropriate?

• Research Environment =Where is the study conducted? How do you describe it

in relation to the variables in the study?

• Research Participants =Who are the participants? How are they selected? How many
are they? Is ethics observed in choosing and letting them participate?

• Research Instrument=What instrument or tool is used in gathering data? What are the parts
of the tool and what does each part intend to find?

• Research Procedure

Data Gathering =What are the steps taken in completing the research?

Statistical Treatment = This only applies for quantitative studies. This answers the

question: What formula is used to treat the data? (Is it T test? Ztest? ANOVA? Etc)

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Definition of Terms
• Conceptual definition
– thinking or dictionary based

• Operational definition
– how variable is to be measured

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Example
Binge drinking is conceptualized as rapidly consuming alcoholic
beverages for the purpose of becoming intoxicated. Binge
drinking is operationalized as the ounces of alcohol consumed in
one sitting. Intake of hard liquor, beer, and wine will be tallied
separately and converted to a common unit of alcohol
equivalence using the following formula: 12 ounces of beer, 6
ounces of wine or 1 ounce of hard liquor = 1 ounce alcohol.
Note: the black font is conceptual while the red one is
operational…

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References
• To avoid PLAGIARISM
• To acknowledge the contribution of other writers and researchers in
your work
• To give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and
ideas (IPR)
• To provide evidence to support the assertions and claims
• To allow your readers to trace the sources of information
• To make your writing more persuasive
• To acknowledge previous research in the field
• To position new research in relation to previous publications
• To present primary data to support the writer's claim

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Special Cases

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Appendices
This part contains supplementary materials used in the study as
well as those which support the findings. It includes the following
but not limited to:
=transmittal letters
=maps
=raw data
=photos
=questionnaire/instrument/tool

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Sources
• Dr. Bilbao’s presentation during the Research Skills Training
(Module 1) in October 2017.
• Dr. Bongcac’s presentation during the Research Skills Training
(Module 1) in October 2017 at Mater Dei College, Tubigon,
Bohol.
• Fr. Lero’s presentation during the Research Skills Training (Module
1) in March 2017 at Blessed Trinity College, Talibon, Bohol.

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