Applications of Microphotonics

Presented by

Chacko Mathew
Roll No:15
S7 ECE-A
Contents
Introduction
Review of Microphotonics

Photonic Interconnects
Why optical interconnects? Construction & Operation details

Photonic Integrated Circuits

Advantages over metal interconnects. Different types.

Photonic Computing
photonic logic and implementation
Optical Interconnects
Why go for optical interconnects?

Copper/Metal Interconnects
•Chip to chip (Interchip) connections
•Interconnections between ICs in printed circuit
boards
•Bandwidth limited by:
• Signal Distortion
• Power Consumption
• Cross-talk
• Pin-out Capacity
Optical Interconnects continued…
Advantages of optical interconnects

Optical Interconnects
•Toreplace metallic interconnects by light
beams, either in air or optical fibers
•Advantages:
• Higher bandwidth
• Lack electromagnetic interference
• Lower power dissipation
Optical Interconnects continued…

• two-dimensional laser and detector

arrays are integrated on the CMOS chip
using flip-chip technology
• Optical interconnections requires:
• a transceiver for converting electrical signals
to optical ones,
• a propagation medium which is either fibre
or free space, and
• a receiver to convert the optical signals back
to electrical ones.
Optical Interconnects continued…
Intel’s chip to chip interconnect

• The device is a high-speed 12-channel link (8 data

channels) with a parallel CMOS optical transceiver
package. The optical I/O is based on an optoelectronic
flip-chip pin grid array (FCPGA) package, and the key
components of the hybrid package are
• gallium arsenide VCSELs,
• p-type intrinsic n-type doped silicon (PIN) photodiode
arrays,
• acrylate polymer waveguide arrays,
• multiterminal fiber-optic connectors, and
• the CMOS transceiver chip.

• These components are flip-chip mounted on top of

the FCPGA organic substrate to enable parallel point-
to-point optical transmission
Optical Interconnects continued…
Conceptual free space optical interconnects

• Each chip consists of GaAs VCSEL and

photodetector arrays
• The top emitting VCSEL arays transmit
optical signals which is reflected by
the mirror onto the desired chip
• The photodetector arrays receives
these optical signals
• High speed with 10 Gb/s per channel
target data rates.
Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC)
History of ICs & Electronic Integrated Circuits

• Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore and Jack Kilby first

integrated transistors into silicon and germanium.

Electronic Integrated Circuits

• integrates many transistors, capacitors and resistors into
a single silicon chip
Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) continued…
What is a PIC?

• PIC integrates multiple optical components

such as lasers, modulators, detectors,
attenuators, multiplexers/de-multiplexers and
optical amplifiers.
 Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) continued…
Active & Passive PICs
PASSIVE PIC
• built using silica materials
• integrate functions such as filters,
wavelength multiplexers, couplers,
and photonic switches
• don't generate or amplify light, but
are "light in, light out
ACTIVE PIC
• built using compound
semiconductor materials such as
Indium Phosphide (InP)
• integrate optoelectronic functions
such as lasers, modulators, PIN
detectors, and amplifiers
• can be used to convert between
electronic signals and optical
signals
 Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) continued…
Types of Integration: Hybrid & Monolithic
HYBRID INTEGRATION
• single function optical devices into
a single package
• can be highly complex, as many
discrete devices must be
interconnected internal to the
package
• different materials may require
different packaging designs due to
differences in optical, mechanical
and thermal characteristics
MONOLITHIC INTEGRATION
• consolidates many devices and/or
functions into a single photonic
material
• The production of monolithic
photonic integrated circuits
involves the construction of devices
into a common substrate. This
allows all photonic couplings to
occur within the substrate and all
functions are emerged into a single
and physically exceptional device.
Photonic Computing
Electronic & Photonic computing

• electronic computing uses electrons to perform the logic

that makes computing work. Photonic computing uses
photons of laser light to do the same job, only thousands of
times faster
• Photonic logic, is the key to the production of a completely
optical computing system
• tiny light beams that simply blink on and off, in order to
carry information and perform the logic of computing in
light-speed photonic computers
Photonic Computing continued…
Photonic Logic

• Photons instead of electrons

• Depends on Interference patterns
• Four input conditions:
• Both light beams on.
• The 1st one on and the 2nd one off.
• The 2nd on and 1st off, and
• Both beams off.
Photonic Computing continued…
Photonic Logic: OR & XOR

• When the single pulse arrives, and is spread into the CI

area to become part of the OR output, and also into the
DI area to become part of the XOR output, thus, there
are 2 portions available
Photonic Computing continued…
Photonic Logic: OR & XOR

• When both lights are on, due to CI, output is obtained at the
hole, OR output. Due to DI, XOR output is 0
Photonic Computing continued…
Photonic Logic: NOT

• NOT logic can be implemented same as that or XOR.

• As with any XOR, if one of the beams is kept on all the
time, the device becomes a NOT. That is, when the 2nd
input is on, the output is off and vice versa
Photonic Computing continued…
Photonic Logic: Pipelined pulses as input

• When pipelined pulses are given, each pulse in a light

beam interfere with pulse in the other beam.
References
•Applied Microphotonics by Wes R Jamroz
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

•http:// www.infinera.com/pic
•http://www.technologyreview.in/

•http://www.rmrc.org

•Rocky Mountain Research Center

THANK YOU
Queries?