TYME

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 4. Gas Turbine And Jet Propulsion.
Hrs – 12 Marks - 16
 4.1 Classification and applications of gas turbine.
 4.2 Constant volume and constant pressure gas turbines.
Closed cycle and open cycle gas turbines and their
comparison.
 4.3 Methods to improve thermal efficiency of gas turbine-
Regeneration, inter- cooling, reheating using T- Ø diagram
(no analytical treatment)
 4.4 Jet Propulsion - Principles of turbojet, turbo propeller,
Ram jet
 4.5 Rocket propulsion - Solid propellants and liquid
propellants, Solid & liquid propellant rockets, components of
liquid propellants rocket engine.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Gas Turbines
 Definition-
It is most satisfactory power developing unit due to its
exceptional reliability, freedom from vibrations & ability of
producing large power from units of small size & weight.

Various fuels used to drive turbines include-

- Coal gas.
- Blast furnace gas.
- Oil & pulverized coal.
- Kerosene.
- Paraffin.
- Diesel.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Gas Turbines
In turbine, high pressure air or gas, is allowed to expand
on the blades of turbine. Due to this, turbine rotates at
high speed to do useful work.

The gas turbine requires, air compressor to supply

compressed air, required for combustion of fuel in C.C.
The compressor is driven by gas turbine itself.

Net work produced =

work produced by G.T ─ work Consumed by Cr.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Classification of G. T.
The gas turbines are classified on the basis of –
a) On the basis of combustion process.
- Continuous combustion or constant pressure G.T.
(Brayton or Joule’s cycle)
- Explosion or constant volume G.T. (Atkinson cycle)
b) On the basis of path of working substance.
- Open cycle G.T.
- Closed cycle G.T.
c) On the basis of action of expanding gases.
- Impulse G.T.
- Impulse – reaction G.T.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Classification of G. T.

d) On the basis of direction of flow.

- Axial flow.
- Radial flow.

In open cycle G.T. working medium (Air, gas, working fluid) is

leaving the turbine & it is replaced with new one, for every
cycle.
In closed cycle G.T. working medium (Air, gas, working fluid) is
not leaving the turbine & the same is circulated continuously.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Applications of G. T.
Applications of gas turbine are in following areas –

- Locomotive propulsion.
- Ship propulsion.
- Aircraft engine.
- Electric power generation, e.g Thermal power plants.
- Supercharging I.C. engines.
- Industrial applications – blast furnace, oil & other chemical
industries.
- Turbojets Engines.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

Open Cycle Constant Pressure G.T.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

Open Cycle Constant Pressure G.T.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Open Cycle Constant Pressure G.T.
 In this T, air from atmosphere
is compressed in compressor &
supplied to C.C. In C.C. fuel is
injected & burned.
Thus heat addition (combustion)
takes place nearly at constant
pressure. Temp of gases
increases. The gases are
expanded in T. to get the work.
The T. drives compressor, hence
net work is equal to difference
between work out put of T &
work required to drive
compressor.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
Closed Cycle Constant Pressure G.T.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

Closed Cycle G.T.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Closed Cycle Constant Pressure G.T.
 The compressed
working fluid, coming
out from compressor is
heated in heater by
external source at
constant pressure. High
temp, high pressure
fluid expands in turbine
to do useful work.

As shown, the working

fluid is continuously
circulated in closed
cycle. KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
Constant Volume Combustion G.T.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

Constant Volume Combustion G.T.
 In this Turbine, the combustion process in C.C. takes place
at constant volume.
Air taken from atmosphere is compressed in compressor &
supplied to C.C. through valve (s) V1 & V2. The valves are
closed after filling of C.C. The required amount of fuel is
injected in C.C. through another valve & then it is closed.
Air fuel mixture is ignited by an electric spark. Thus
combustion occurs, at constant volume as all valves are
closed. The mixture explodes, pressure increases
instantaneously & a non return valve at the top of C.C opens
to release exhaust gases. The gases at high pressure expand
in T. The pressure drops, heat energy is converted into
kinetic energy to rotate turbine. The non return valve closes
as pressure in C.C. drops.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Open cycle Gas Turbine Closed cycle Gas Turbine

Only air can be used as Any fluid with better

working medium. thermodynamic properties can
be used as working medium.

Working medium is replaced The working medium doesn’t

with new /fresh one, in each leave Turbine & same fluid
cycle. is used again & again.

The exhaust gas from Turbine The exhaust gas from Turbine
is thrown out in to atmosphere is sent to cooler & reused.

This system requires less This system requires more

space. KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG. space.
 Open cycle Gas Turbine Closed cycle Gas Turbine

The Turbine blades wear No such erosion.

away earlier due to
contamination with air.

Maintenance cost is high. Maintenance cost is low.

The weight of installation /
kW is less.
As exhaust gas from Turbine
is thrown out in to
atmosphere, this G.T. is
suitable for moving vehicle.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
The weight of installation /
kW is more.
As exhaust gas from Turbine
is reused, this G.T. is suitable
for stationary installation
 Advantages.
 Advantages of closed cycle G.T. over open cycle.

- In closed cycle, higher pressures can be used throughout cycle.

Hence size of plant is reduced for given output.
- The lowest pressure of cycle is above atmospheric is
maintained. The size of compressor, T & heat exchanger can
be reduced.
- No erosion & corrosion of T blades due to contaminated
gases, as heating is indirect.
- Filtration of incoming air is eliminated .

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Advantages
Advantages of closed cycle G.T. over open cycle.

- Economical fuels like, coal, wood, lignite can be used, as

heating is indirect.
- Any fluid having better thermodynamic properties can be
used.
- The maintenance cost is low, reliability is higher due to long
life.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Disadvantages.
Disadvantages of closed cycle G.T. over open cycle.

- Large amount of cooling water is required. Hence use is

limited to stationary or marine applications & not useful for
aircraft engines.
- Weight of system per H.P. developed is high. It is not
economical for moving vehicles.
- The closed system must be airtight, when working fluid is
other than air.
- Large air heater is required, as heat transfer coefficient, in
heat exchanger is low.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Th.efficiecieny improvement.
 Various methods to improve thermal efficiency of
G.T. are –

- By Regeneration.
- By Intercooling.
- By Reheating.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

Th.efficiecieny improvement by Regeneration.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Th.eff.improvement by Regeneration.
T. Efficiency = Turbine work
/ fuel supplied.
The efficiency of G.T. can be
improved by, reducing
amount of fuel supplied in
C.C.
In regeneration method,
compressed air to be
supplied to C.C. is heated
in counter flow heat
exchanger, by high temp
exhaust gases, coming out
from turbine. KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Regeneration.
Due to this, amount of fuel
required to be burned in
C.C. is decreased,
improving thermal
efficiency of turbine.
There is no change in
compressor work, turbine
work & hence net work.
It can be seen that, temp of air
increases from T2 to Ta
where as temp of exhaust
gas decreases from T4 to Tb
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
Th.eff.improvement by Intercooling.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Th.eff.improvement by Intercooling.
Net T. work produced =
work produced by G.T ─ work
consumed by Cr. Major % of
power generated by T is
utilized by Cr. The compressor
work Cr can be reduced by
compressing air in 2 stages
using intercooler.
The air compressed in LP is
cooled in intercooler & again
compressed in HP & then
supplied to C.C.
Thus by reducing Cr work,
thermal efficiency can be
improved. KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Inter Cooling.
As shown in T-S diagram, air
is compressed from P1 to Pi
in first stage. The temp of
air is reduced from Ta to Tb
in intercooler.
In second stage, pressure of
air is increased from Pi to
P2.
The volume of cooled air is
less & smaller size of Cr is
required to compress less
volume of air. Cr work thus
reduces & thermal
efficiency of T increases .
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Reheating

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Thermal Efficiency Improvement by Reheating
The output of T can be
increased considerably , by
expanding the gases in two
stages ,by reheating the
gases in between.
The partial expansion takes
place in HP- turbine T1 .
The gases are reheated
before passing to LP-
turbine T2. Very small
amount of fuel is required
to reheat gases to initial
temp,
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Reheating
as compared to improved
turbine output.
In Turbine 1, the gases are
expanded from P2 to Pi.
Temp drops from T3 to T4.
The gases are reheated from
T4 to T5 in reheater &
expanded in turbine 2 so
that temp of gases drops to
T6.
Area a - 4 - 5 - 6 - a is
increased turbine work,
showing improvement in
efficiency. KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
Definition – Jet Propulsion
When the output of G.T. plant is used to produce, high velocity
jet of hot gases & this jet is used to propel the vehicles in
which systems are mounted, then such systems are called as
Jet propulsion systems.

Jet propulsion is based on Newton’s second & third law of

motion.
Newton’s second law states that rate of change of momentum
in any direction is proportional to force acting in that
direction.
Newton’s third law states that for every action there is equal &
opposite reaction.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Jet Propulsion
Jet propulsion may be of two types.

- Atmospheric Jet engine or Breathing engine.

- Rocket engine or Non breathing engine.

Jet engines are of various types.

- Turbojet Engine.
- Turbo Propeller engine.
- Ram Jet engine.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Turbo-Jet

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Turbo-Jet

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Turbo-Jet

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Turbo-Jet
Turbo- Jet is most common
type of air breathing engine,
in which oxygen required for
combustion of fuel, is taken
from atmosphere.
It consists of
- Diffuser.
- Compressor.
- Combustion chamber.
- Gas turbine.
- Jet exit nozzle.
as shown in fig.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Turbo-Jet
The function of Dfr is to slow
down incoming air velocity
& convert K.E. of air (equal
to aircraft velocity) into
pressure rise. Cr compresses
this air to still higher
pressure & passes it to C.C.
The fuel Nzls in C.C. feed
fuel continuously &
combustion takes place at
constant pressure.
The high pressure & high temp
gases enter in T, where they
expand & provide power
output. KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Turbo-Jet
All power output developed is
consumed by Cr & auxiliary
apparatus. The main function
of T is to develop power to
drive Cr.
The gases leaving T, are further
expanded in Nzl & they leave
Nzl with great velocity,
producing equal & opposite
thrust for propulsion.
The Turbo-Jets give higher
propulsion efficiency at
higher speeds. Hence it is
used for aircrafts travelling
above 800km/hr speed.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Turbo-Prop

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Turbo-Prop

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Turbo-Prop

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Turbo Propeller Engine
Turbo prop –
It is similar to turbo jet engine
with the difference that it has
a propeller, at front as shown.
It consists of –
- Propeller.
- Diffuser.
- Compressor.
- Combustion Chamber.
- Turbine & Nozzle.
The functions of Dfr, Cr, C.C,
T & Nzl are same as that in
Turbo-Jet. KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Turbo Propeller Engine
The propeller helps in high
power, for take off & climb
& high propulsive
efficiency at high speeds.
Thus Turbo-Prop combines
advantages of both Turbo-
Jet & Propeller.
The working is similar to
Turbo-Jet. 80 % to 90 % of
power generated by T is
transmitted to propeller, Cr
& remaining 10 % to 20%
of thrust is developed by
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Turbo Propeller Engine
expanding exhaust gases in
Nzl. The forward motion is
given partly by propeller &
partly by jet produced by
Nzl.
The thrust output can be
increased, by heating the T
exhaust, before expansion
in Nzl. (After- burners not
shown fig)
Turbo-Prop engines are
currently used in
helicopters, various land &
marine applications
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Ram Jet

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Ram Jet

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Ram Jet- Ram Jet
Ram jet engine consists of
- Supersonic diffuser.
- Sonic diffuser.
- Combustion chamber.
- Flame stabilizer.
- Nozzle.
It doesn’t have any Cr & totally
depends on Ram compression.
Ram compression is
transformation of K.E. into
pressure energy.(Here, using
supersonic & subsonic Dfr.)
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Ram
Air entering into ram jet with
Jet
supersonic speed is slowed
down to sonic velocity in
supersonic Dfr & its pressure
increases. The pressure is
further increased in sonic Dfr.
The temp of air increases above
ignition temp of fuel & fuel
spread in C.C.is ignited. The
flame is stabilized by flame
stabilizer.
High pressure & temp gases are
passed thr’ Nzl, converting
pressure energy into K.E.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Ram Jet
High velocity gases leaving
Nzl provide required
forward thrust to ramjet.
Ram jet can’t operate at static
condition or on its own,
from rest. It has to be
accelerated to a certain
flight velocity by some
launching device like small
turbo jet or a launching
rocket.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Rocket Propulsion.
 The main difference between J.P & R.P. is that, Jet engines
are air breathing engines & use atmospheric oxygen for
combustion of fuel.
The Rocket engines are non air breathing engine & carries its
own oxidizer for combustion of fuel & is independent of
atmospheric oxygen.
In R.P. engine, both fuel & oxidizer are contained in propelling
body. Hence rocket can function in vacuum & it is the only
device capable of Space Flight.

The rocket engine can be propelled either by solid propellants

or liquid propellants. Later ones are more commonly used.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Solid Propellants.
Solid propellants is one in which fuel & oxidizer are intimately
mixed to form a solid grain. There is no any fuel supply system
& such grains are kept in combustor.
Solid propellants may be of two types –
- Restricted burning.
- Unrestricted burning.
In restricted burning R.P. the burning is restricted in one direction
only. Such propellants are formed by pouring the liquid charge
(Fuel + Oxidizer) so that after solidification it fits, the chamber
tight.
Application- When unit is required to produce small thrust for a
longer time.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
Solid Propellants.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Solid Propellants.
In unrestricted burning, charge is free to burn on all surfaces
at the same time.
Application- Where large thrust is required for short
period, e.g. launching rocket or boosters.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

Liquid Propellants.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

 Liquid Propellants.
Liquid propellants consists of
liquid oxidizer (Oxygen) &
liquid fuel (Gasoline/ Alcohol)
filled under low pressure in
tanks. They are supplied under
pressure in to C.C. by feed
system.
When large quantity of
propellants are required to
produce high thrust for larger
duration, propellants are
pressurized by pumps, as
shown in fig.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
 Liquid Propellants.
The pumps are driven by T, which
in turn is actuated by a pair of
oxidizer & fuel tank.
The pressurized propellants are
delivered to C.C. where
combustion takes place at
constant pressure. The hot
exhaust gases expand to
atmospheric pressure, in Nzl.
The high velocity jet of gases
while leaving Nzl, gives equal
& opposite propulsive force in
forward direction.
KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.
Liquid Propellants.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

Liquid Propellants.
When small
amount of
propellant is
required, it is
pressurized by
high pressure
stored Inert gas,
usually
Nitrogen, as
shown in fig.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.

Rocket Fuels- Bipropellant type
Oxidizer Fuel

Liquid oxygen. Liquid hydrogen.

Liquid oxygen. Ethyl alcohol.

Liquid oxygen. Gasoline.

Nitric acid. Aniline.

KBP CEPS. Prof. Sherkar SG.