MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM,

DEFINED AND
UNDEFINED TERMS,
POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS
AXIOMS OF EQUALITY
1. Reflexive Property of Equality

For all real numbers p,

p=p
2. Symmetric Property of Equality
For all real numbers p and q, if
p = q, then q = p.
3. Transitive Property of Equality
For all real numbers p, q, and r,
if p = q and q = r, then p = r.
4. Substitution Property of Equality
For all real numbers p and q, if p =
q, then q can be substituted for p in
any expression.
What are Algebraic Properties of
Equality?
• In mathematics equality is a relationship between two
mathematical expressions, asserting that the quantities
have the same value.

• Algebraic Properties of Equality help us to justify how we

solve equations and inequalities.

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1. Addition Property of Equality
• For all real numbers p, q, and r,

If p = q,
then p + r = q + r

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2. Subtraction Property of Equality
• For all real numbers p, q, and r,

If p = q,
then p - r = q - r

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3. Multiplication Property of Equality
• For all real numbers p, q, and r,

If p = q,
then p ▪ r = q ▪ r
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4. Division Property of Equality

• For all real numbers p, q, and r,

If p = q,
then p / r = q / r

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5. Associative Property
of Addition or Multiplication

• Keep the same order, just move the

parenthesis.
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(ab)c = a(bc)

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6. Commutative Property
of Addition or Multiplication
When you add or multiply two numbers,
you will get the same answer when you
switch the order.
a+b=b+a
ab = ba

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7. Distributive Property
• This property “distributes” a value,
using multiplication, to each number in
the parenthesis.
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Everyone in this problem got an “a”

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8. Identity Property
The number you can add or multiply by
and still get the same number.
a+0=a
a•1=a

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9. Inverse Property
What number can you add to a and get 0?
a + (-a) = 0

What number can you multiply a by and get 1?

a(1/a) = 1

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Justify each step by stating the
property that was used.

6x + 9 = 51

1) 6x = 42 1) Subtraction Property
of Equality
2) x = 7
2) Division Property of
Equality

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Justify each step by stating the
property that was used.
3(2x – 5) = 63

1) 6x – 15 = 63 1) Distributive Property

2) 6x = 78 2) Addition Property of
Equality
3) x = 13
3) Division Property of
Equality

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 Remember to keep
your equations
balanced…


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1.

3+7=7+3
Commutative
Property of Addition
2.

6•4=4•6
Commutative Property
of Multiplication
3.

3(2 + 5) = 3•2 + 3•5

Distributive Property
 4.

(2 + 1) + 4 = 2 + (1 + 4)
Associative Property
of Addition
5.

2x + 3 = 3 + 2x
Commutative Property
of Addition
6.

6(3 – 2n) = 18 – 12n

Distributive Property
7.

a(bc) = (ab)c
Associative Property of
Multiplication
8.

a +b = b + a
Commutative Property
of Addition
9.

a•1 = a
Identity Property of
Multiplication
10.

q=q
Reflexive Property of
Equality
11.

MN = NM
Symmetric Property of
Equality
 12.

If m = n and n = o, then m = o

Transitive Property of
Equality
13.

If a = b, then a +c = b+c
Addition Property of
Equality
14.

If x = y, then x ▪ z = y▪z
Multiplication
Property of Equality
Difference of
Postulate and
Theorem
 Postulate is a
statement that is
accepted without proof.

Theorem is a
statement accepted
after it is proved
deductively.
3 UNDEFINED TERMS
in GEOMETRY
1.Point
2. Line
3. Plane
 UNDEFINED TERM
1. POINT ( ▪ )
- It has no length, width, or
thickness, occupies no space

- Example:
- The tip of a pen
 UNDEFINED TERM
2. LINE ( )
- Has infinite length but has no
width and thickness; is
straight.

- Example:
Telephone wire
 UNDEFINED TERM
3. PLANE ( )
- Has infinite length and width,
but no thickness, is a flat
surface.

- Example:
A table top
Definitions, Postulates,
and Theorems on
Points, Lines, Angles
and Angle Pairs
Definition of a Midpoint

If points P, Q, and R are

collinear (P-Q-R) and Q is the
midpoint of 𝑃𝑅, then 𝑃𝑄 ≅
𝑄𝑅.

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Definition of an Angle Bisector

If 𝑄𝑆 bisects ⦟PQR,
then ⦟PQS ≅ ⦟ SQR.
Segment Addition Postulate
If points P, Q, and R are
collinear (P-Q-R) and Q is
between points P and R, then
PQ + QR = PR.

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Angle Addition Postulate

If point S lies in the

interior of ⦟PQR, then
m⦟PQS + ⦟SQR = m⦟PQR.

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Definition of Supplementary Angles

Two angles are

supplementary if the sum of
their measures is 180
degrees.

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Definition of Complementary Angles

Two angles are

complementary if the sum
of their measures is 90
degrees.
Definition of Linear Pair

Linear pair is a pair of

adjacent angles formed by
two intersecting lines.
Linear Pair Theorem

If two angles form a

linear pair, then they are
supplementary.

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Definition of Vertical Angles
Vertical angles refer to two
non-adjacent angles formed by
two intersecting lines.

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Vertical Angles Theorem

Vertical angles are

congruent.
55

Congruent
Triangles
Two triangles are congruent if they
are the same size and shape.

They
are
congruent

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Two triangles are not congruent if
they are not the same size
and shape.
They
are not
congruent

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Two triangles are congruent if they
are the same size and shape.
There are four Rules
Side, Side, Side.
Side, Angle, Side.
Angle, Angle, Side.
Right Angle, Hypotenuse, Side.
Click on one of the rules above.

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