Lesson 3 POLYHEDRONS

Week 5
Math 13
Solid Mensuration
 Dihedral Angles
• The dihedral angle is the angle formed
between two intersecting planes. In the figure
shown, the two planes are called faces of the
dihedral angle, and the line of intersection
between the planes is called the edge of the
angle.

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 Polyhedral Angles
• A polyhedral angle is the angle formed by
three or more planes which meet at a common
point.
• The common point is called the vertex of the
angle. The intersecting planes are the faces of the
polyhedral angle. The lines of intersection of
these faces are called the edges. A plane which
cuts all the faces of a polyhedral angle (except at
the vertex) is called a section.
• A face angle is the angle at the vertex and
formed by any two adjacent edges. A dihedral
angle of the polyhedral angle is the dihedral
angle formed by any two intersecting faces.
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Solid Mensuration by Earnhart
• The projection of a straight line upon a
plane, not perpendicular to the line, is
also a straight line.

• The angle that the line makes with its

projection on a plane is called the angle
of inclination of a line to a plane.

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 Example 1, p78
• 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rectangle, with 𝐴𝐵 = 8 in and
𝐵𝐶 = 6 in. 𝐶𝐸 is drawn perpendicular to both
𝐶𝐷 and 𝐵𝐶 at 𝐶. If 𝐸𝐶 = 4 in, find the length
of 𝐴𝐸.

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• A solid is any limited portion of space
bounded by surfaces or plane figures.

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 Volume and Surface Area of Solids
• The volume of a solid is the amount of space
it occupies. It has units of cubic length (i.e.,
cm3, m3, in3, ft3, etc.).
• The surface area is the area of a three-
dimensional surface.
• The lateral area of a solid considers only the
areas of the lateral or the side surfaces.
• The total surface area includes both the
lateral area and the area of the bases (top and
bottom). Thus, the total surface area may be
defined as the total area of all surfaces that
bound the solid. Solid Mensuration by Earnhart
 The Cavalieri’s Principle
• Given any two solids included between
parallel horizontal planes; if every right section
has the same area in both solids, then the
volume of the solids are equal.

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• The Volume Addition Theorem
The volume of the region enclosed by a solid
may be divided into non-overlapping smaller
regions so that the sum of the volumes of these
smaller regions is equal to the volume of the
solid.

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• A polyhedron (plural polyhedra or
polyhedrons) is a solid which is bounded by
polygons joined at their edges.

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• Polyhedrons are called regular polyhedra or
platonic solids if their faces are congruent
regular polygons and their polyhedral angles
are equal.

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Solid Mensuration by Earnhart
 Facts About Regular Polyhedrons
• Regular Polyhedrons of the same number of
faces are similar.
1
• Number of edges: 𝑒 = 𝑛𝑝
2
where 𝑝 the number of polygons enclosing the
polyhedron and 𝑛 the number of sides in each
polygon.
Number of vertices: 𝑣 = 𝑒 − 𝑝 + 2

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 𝑛𝑝𝑠 2
Total Area: 𝑇𝑆𝐴 =
4 tan 180°Τ𝑛
Volume of a Regular Polyhedron
In any regular polyhedron, where 𝑑 denotes the dihedral
angle between any two adjacent faces, 𝑓 the number of faces at
one vertex, and 𝑛 the number of sides in each polygon,
−1
cos 180°Τ𝑓
𝑑 = 2 sin
sin 180°Τ𝑛
𝑛𝑝𝑠 3 tan 𝑑 Τ2
𝑉= 2
,
24 tan 180°Τ𝑛
where 𝑝 denotes the number of polygons, and 𝑠 the length of an edge.

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 Similar Figures
• Two polyhedra are said to be similar if they
have the same number of faces that are
similarly placed, and which corresponding
polyhedral angles are congruent.
Corresponding dimensions (lengths of lines
such as edge, height, etc.) of similar figures
are also proportional.

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 Similar Figures
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐
=
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐

𝑨𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝟐
=
𝑨𝟐 𝒙𝟐

𝑽𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝟑
=
𝑽𝟐 𝒙𝟐

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End of Concept

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Solids for which
V = BH
• A cube is a hexahedron whose 12 edges are
all congruent.

d s

s
s

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 Cube
• Diagonal: 𝑑 = 3𝑠

• Surface Area: 𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 6𝑠 2

• Volume: 𝑉 = 𝑠 3

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• A rectangular solid, also known as
rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron
with two rectangular bases and lateral edges
that are perpendicular to the bases.

w
l

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 Rectangular Solids
• Diagonal : 𝑑 = 𝑙2 + 𝑤 2 + ℎ2

• Surface Area: 𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝑙𝑤 + 2𝑙ℎ + 2𝑤ℎ

• Volume: 𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ

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 Sample Problems
1. One cube has a face equivalent to the total
area of another cube. Find the ratio of their
volume.
2. Find the total area and volume of the largest
cube of wood which can be cut from a log of
circular cross-section whose radius is 24 cm.
3. Find the area of a triangle whose vertex is at
the midpoint of an upper face of the cube
and whose base coincides with the
diagonally opposite face of the cube.

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 Sample Problems
4. A solid concrete porch consist of 3 steps and
a landing. The steps have a tread of 280 mm,
a rise of 178 mm and a length of 2.5 m. The
landing is 1.85 m by 2.5 m. How much
material was used in its construction?
5. A packing box 0.65 m x 1.5 m x 1.68 m is to
be completely covered with tin. How much
material is needed to cover the box and what
will be the total cost, if tin cost $3 per square
meter.

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End of Discussion

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Lesson 4: PRISMS AND CYLINDERS
Solids for which 𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
Week 6
Math 13
Solid Mensuration
• A prism is defined as a polyhedron with two
congruent bases that lie in parallel planes, and
whose every section that is parallel to a base
has the same area as that of the base.

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• A right prism is a prism whose lateral faces or
lateral edges are perpendicular to the two
bases.
• A regular prism is a right prism whose bases
are regular polygons. If the base is a regular
polygon of n sides then the prism contains n
number of congruent lateral faces which are
rectangles.
• An oblique prism is a prism whose lateral faces
or lateral edges are not perpendicular to its
bases. Its lateral faces are parallelograms.
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• A right section of a prism is a section made
by a plane perpendicular to one of the lateral
edges.
• An oblique section is made by a plane oblique
to one of the lateral edges.

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 Surface Areas
• The lateral area of a prism is the product of
the perimeter P of a right section and the
length e of a lateral edge.
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒
Total Surface Area:
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
where 𝐵 is the area of one base.

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 Volume of Prism
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ = 𝑅𝑒
𝑅 = 𝐵 sin 𝜃

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• A cylinder is the solid bounded by a closed
cylindrical surface and two parallel planes
cutting all the elements of the surface.
• A circular cylinder is one whose bases are
circles. It may also be thought of as a prism
with two equal circular bases.
• A circular cylinder is a right circular cylinder, if
the height or the line segment drawn through
the center of the bottom base connects the
center of the top base. Otherwise, the
cylinder is said to be oblique.
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 Surface Areas
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴

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 Volume of Cylinder
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ = 𝑅𝑒

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 Sample Problems
1. A football stand 150m long has 20 tiers of seats;
each tier has a rise of 2m and tread of 3m. It is
constructed of reinforced concrete with a cross
section (shown in the figure as well as other
dimensions). Find the amount of material used in
its construction.
2. A trench in the shape of a trapezoid is 180 ft. long
and 12 ft. deep, 7 ft. wide at the top and 4 ft. wide
at the bottom. How many cubic yards of earth has
been removed?
3. One part of a quartz crystal is a hexagonal prism
with a right section of 1.29 sq. cm, an edge of 2.31
cm, and a base of 1.41 sq. cm. Find the altitude of
the prism.
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 Sample Problems
4. The outer protective smokestack of a steamship is
streamlined so that it has a uniform elliptical
section parallel to the deck. Given the major axis
2.6 m and minor axis 2 m, the length of the stack
is 4 m , and the upper end is horizontally 1.3 m
from the lower end. Find the volume enclosed by
the stack.
5. A certain factory manufacture tin cans. It received
an order for 10,000 cylindrical tin cans of height
12 cm and diameter 8 cm. How many square
meters of tin did this order require if 45 cm2 are
allowed for waste and seams in each can?

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End of Discussion

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Lesson 5: PYRAMIDS AND CONES
Solids for which 𝑉 = 1/3 𝐵ℎ

Week 7
Math 13
Solid Mensuration
 PYRAMID
• A pyramid is a polyhedron containing
triangular lateral faces with a common vertex
and a base which is a polygon.
• A pyramid is a right pyramid if the line joining
the vertex and the center of base is
perpendicular to the plane of the base.
Otherwise, the pyramid is said to be oblique.
• If the base of a right pyramid is a regular
polygon then the solid is said to be a regular
pyramid.
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• A pyramid is named by the type of polygon in
its base.

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• The lateral surface area of a regular pyramid
is equal to half the product of the perimeter
of its base and its slant height.
1
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝑃𝑙
2

• TOTAL SURFACE AREA:

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴

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 Volume of Pyramid
1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3

where 𝐵 = base area (polygon)

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Relationships Among Altitude, Slant
Height, Lateral Edge and the Base

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 CONES
• A circular cone is a cone whose base is
a circle.
• The axis of a circular cone
is the line segment joining the
apex and the center of the base.
• If the axis is perpendicular to
the base, the cone is a
right circular cone.

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• A cone whose axis is not perpendicular to the
base is called oblique.

• Unless otherwise specified, a cone generally

has a circular base.

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 Surface Area of Cone
• Lateral Area: 𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙

• Total Surface Area: 𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙

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Volume of Cone
1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3

1 2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3

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 Sample Problems
1. A regular hexagonal pyramid has one lateral
edge which measures 10 cm. The length of one
side of its base is 6 cm. Find the altitude and the
slant height of the given pyramid. Also find the
volume and the total surface area.
2. An inverted square pyramid has a height equal to
10 m and a top edge equal to 6 m. Initially, it
contains water to a depth of 4 m. What is the initial
volume of the water in the tank?
3. Find the area of the base of a regular square
pyramid whose lateral faces are equilateral
triangles and whose altitude is 8 cm.
4. A right circular cone has a lateral area of 1280π ft2
and a base area of 512π ft2. Find its volume.
5. A cylindrical tower 30 m in diameter has a conical
roof the length of whose eaves is 2 m. An element
of the roof is inclined 450 to the horizontal. Find the
weather surface.
Online Long Quiz no. 3 – April 11, 2019 (Thu)
Coverage:
• V = Bh
• V = 1/3 Bh
End of Discussion

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