MATTER: STATES OR PHASES

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Packing of
Particles

Mass definite definite definite

Volume definite definite indefinite
Shape definite indefinite indefinite
visually
Compressibility incompressible highly compressible
incompressible
very small expansion small expansion expands in all
Expandability
when heated when heated directions

Other phases of matter:

Plasma – super heated gas; ionized or charged
Bose-Einstein Condensate – super cooled gas; almost zero movement of particles
MATTER: PROPERTIES

can be measured physically or using can be measured only when the

instruments without changing the composition of matter is changed
identity and composition of matter
Drill: Physical or chemical property?
1. Mass
2. Volume
3. Reactivity
4. Density
5. Color
6. Combustibility or flammability
7. Rate of decomposition
8. Boiling Point or temperature
9. Capacity to be oxidized or corroded
10. Ability to be fermented
11. Length
12. Freezing Point or temperature
MATTER: PROPERTIES

can be measured physically or using can be measured only when the

instruments without changing the composition of matter is changed
identity and composition of matter
Drill: Physical or chemical property?
1. Mass
2. Volume
3. Reactivity
4. Density
5. Color
6. Combustibility or flammability
7. Rate of decomposition
8. Boiling Point or temperature
9. Capacity to be oxidized or corroded
10. Ability to be fermented
11. Length
12. Freezing Point or temperature
MATTER: PROPERTIES

amount-dependent properties chemical nature-dependent properties

Drill: Extensive or Intensive Properties

1. Weight
2. Volume
3. Density
4. Solubility
5. Temperature
6. Capacity to be oxidized or corroded
7. Ability to be fermented
8. Length
9. Reactivity of a substance
10. Calorie or energy content (in kcal/mole) of a substance
MATTER: PROPERTIES

amount-dependent properties chemical nature-dependent properties

Drill: Extensive or Intensive Properties

1. Weight
2. Volume
3. Density
4. Solubility
5. Temperature
6. Capacity to be oxidized or corroded
7. Ability to be fermented
8. Length
9. Reactivity of a substance
10. Calorie or energy content (in kcal/mole) of a substance
MATTER: CHANGES

change in the physical state or phase of matter; NO change in composition

vaporization or
melting/fusion evaporation

freezing condensation
sublimation

deposition
MATTER: CHANGES

composition combination change change in atomic nuclei (change in the

number of protons and/or neutrons)
Examples:
Examples:

+ 2 neutrons

Nuclear fusion and fission

AgNO3 + NaI
Radioactive decay of uranium:
→ NaNO3 238U  234Th + -particle
+ AgI

NO change in the chemical There is change in the chemical

identity of the individual identity (mass and/or type) of
elements. individual elements.
MATTER: CHANGES

Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion

splitting of one heavy nucleus combination of two light nuclei

Radioactive decay or radioactivity

spontaneous breakdown of unstable atomic
nuclei releasing , , or  particles
238U  234Th + 4He

-particle
 MATTER: CLASSIFICATIONS

MATTER

fixed composition and properties, variable composition and properties,

cannot be simplified physically components can be separated into physically

PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES

2 or more types of
one type of element, elements, can still
cannot be simplified be simplified single phase two or more phases

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS

METALS, ACIDS, BASES, COLLOIDS,

NON-METALS, SALTS COARSE
METALLOIDS SUSPENSION
MATTER: SEPARATING MIXTURE COMPONENTS

Decantation

Filtration

Chromatography

Distillation

Magnetism
MATTER: MIXTURES
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
single phase two or more phases
true solutions
examples:
salt solutions COLLOIDS COARSE
sugar solution look homogeneous; SUSPENSION
exhibit TYNDALL particles are large
alloys – mixtures of metals EFFECT enough to be seen by
and other elements examples: the naked eye
examples: smoke, mayonnaise, fog
steel (Fe + C+ Cr + Si, etc)
brass (Cu + Zn)
bronze (Cu + Sn)
MATTER: CLASSIFICATIONS - COMPOUNDS

Examples: Examples:
H2O SO2 HCl C6H12O6 H2SO4 NaOH
NaCl Ag2S NaBr NaHCO3 Al(OH)3 KNO3

contain carbon atoms bonded to H atoms without C atoms bonded to H atoms

Examples: Examples:
C6H12O6 CH3COOH (Acetic Acid) H2O CO2 NaHCO3
CH3CH2OH (ethyl alcohol) NaCl Ag2CO3 NaBr
 MATTER: CLASSIFICATIONS - COMPOUNDS
ACIDS BASES SALTS
NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4,
HCl NaOH NaCH3COO, KCl, KNO3,
HNO3 KOH K2SO4, KCH3COO,
Examples
H2SO4 Mg(OH)2 MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2,
HCH3COO NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH- MgSO4, NH4Cl,
NH4NO3, NH4CH3COO
No effect for neutral
Litmus color Red Blue
salts (pink-shaded)
pH < 7 (less than 7) > 7 (greater than 7) = 7 for neutral salts

Notes:
• Acids, Bases and Salts are all ionic – they produce ions (cations or positively charged
ions and anions or negatively charged ions) when dissolved in water
• Solutions of acids, bases and salts are electrolytes – can conduct electricity
• Neutralization Reaction: Acid + Base → Salt + Water
HCl + KOH → KCl + HOH (or H2O)
MATTER: pH OF ACIDS AND BASES
Notes:
[x] = concentration or molarity (moles of x per liter) of solution
In the logarithm (log) equations, the base is always 10

ACIDS: pH = – log [H+] [H+] = 1.00 x 10-pH

= (# H ions) x [acid]

BASES: pOH = – log [OH-] [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-pOH

= (# OH ions) x [base]

Aqueous systems (H2O = solvent) at 25oC: pH + pOH = 14

MATTER: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
affected by changes in solution concentration

HIGHER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION

Boiling point elevation
Freezing point depression
Vapor pressure lowering

Pure Water Salt Solution

Property
(no solute) (more solute)
Boiling Point 100 oC greater than 100 oC

Freezing Point 0 oC lesser than 0 oC

Vapor Pressure higher lower

MATTER: BASIC STRUCTURES OF MATTER
Sample Basic Structure
compound molecule
element atom
charged particles ions

Mass Number = (# of p+) + (# of no)

M C Charge = (# of p+) – (# of e–)

A Z Element Symbol

Atomic Number = # of p+
protons + electrons
Number of Neutrons (# of no) = M – A
Bohr model of the atom
Number of Electrons (# of e–) = A – C
MATTER: BASIC STRUCTURES OF MATTER
Atom # of nO # of p+ # of e– C M

127
52 Te 2
197
79 Au 4
 3
 Sb 72 51

206 207 208 32 2 

82 Pb 82 Pb 82 Pb 35
17 Cl1 16 S 31 3-
P
15
Same number of protons
Different number of neutrons; Same number of electrons
hence, different M _______________________
____________________
MATTER: BASIC STRUCTURES OF MATTER
# of no # of p+ # of e– M
Atom C
M–A A A–C no + p+
127 – 52 52 – (-2)
127
52 Te 2 = 75
52
= 54
-2 127

197- 79 79 – (+4)
197
79 Au 4 = 118
79
= 75
+4 197

 3 51 – (+3) 72 + 51
 Sb 72 51 +3
= 48 = 123

206 207 208 32 2 

82 Pb 82 Pb 82 Pb 35
17 Cl1 16 S 31 3-
P
15
Same number of protons
Different number of neutrons; Same number of electrons
hence, different M ISOELECTRONIC ATOMS
ISOTOPES
How do atoms look like?

‘billiard ball model’ ‘plum pudding model’

John Dalton J.J. Thomson
1803 1904
 How do atoms look like?

Rutherford Model Bohr Model Electron Cloud Model

Ernest Rutherford Niels Bohr Erwin Schrodinger
1910-1911 1913 1926
How do atoms look like?

Image Source: http://create.mcgraw-hill.com, 2011

QUANTUM NUMBERS

Each electron in an atom can be described by a

set of four quantum numbers.
Principal Azimuthal Magnetic
Spin Quantum
Name Quantum Quantum Quantum
Number
Number Number Number

Symbol n l ml ms

Each quantum number describes a specific

electronic property.
The principal quantum number, n
What does ‘n’ proton

describe?

• energy of an electron shell

+
• distance of an electron
n=1
from the nucleus
electron n=2
n=3
n=4
 MATTER: QUANTUM NUMBERS
Magnetic Spin
Principal Quantum Azimuthal Quantum
Name Quantum Quantum
Number Number
Number Number
Symbol n l ml ms
Main energy level & Space
Energy sublevel; shape Spin of
Describes distance of electron orientation
of orbital electron
from nucleus of electron
0 to (n-1) shape -l to 0 to +l
1, 2, 3, 4, … 0=s

1=p
Possible +1/2 (↿)
Values
2=d -1/2 (⇂)

3=f
(4,5,6 =
g,h,I)
MATTER: QUANTUM NUMBERS
Relationship among values of n, l and ml
No. of Total no. of
Subshell
n l ml orbitals in a electrons
designation
subshell (n2) ( 2n2)
1 0 1s 0 1 2
0 2s 0 1 2
2
1 2p -1, 0, +1 3 6
0 3s 0 1 2
3 1 3p -1, 0, +1 3 6
2 3d -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5 10
0 4s 0 1 2
1 4p -1, 0, +1 3 6
4
2 4d -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5 10
3 4f -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7 14
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
This states that a maximum of two electrons can occupy one orbital, each having
opposite spins; hence, no two electrons in a single atom have exactly the same set
of quantum numbers.
MATTER: ELECTRONIC
Aufbau Principle
Electrons fill orbitals from
lowest energy level to highest
energy level.
CONFIGURATION
Hund’s Rule
Electrons fill a subshell one
orbital at a time with the same
spin before pairing.
Example:
7 electrons in a d subshell
correct
 I-A VIII-A

II-A III-A IV-A V-A VI-A VII-A

III-B IV-B V-B VI-B VII-B VIII-B I-B II-B

lanthanides

actinides

I-A alkali metals VIII-A noble gases or inert gases

II-A alkaline earth metals III-B to II-B transition metals
VI-A chalcogens
VII-A halogens
PERIODIC TRENDS
ATOMIC RADIUS
COVALENT RADIUS METALLIC RADIUS IONIC RADIUS
half the distance half the distance radius of ions
between the nuclei in a between the nuclei in a measured from a
molecule consisting of molecule consisting of crystal lattice
identical non-metal identical metal atoms
atoms
 PERIODIC TRENDS
ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN) +
ability of an atom to attract electrons towards
itself in a chemical bond

IONIZATION ENERGY (IE)

energy required to release the most loosely
held electron in an atom +
ELECTRON AFFINITY (EA)
energy released due to the addition of an
electron to the outer shell of an atom
 PERIODIC TRENDS
↑ electronegativity (EN)
↑ ionization energy (IE)
↑ electron affinity (EA)
↑ nonmetallic
properties

↑ atomic radius, ↑ metallic properties

MATTER: POSITION OF ELEMENTS IN THE P.T.

GUIDES NOTATION/POSITION
Highest “n” Period
Number of valence
Group number
electrons
Group Letter
s or p = Group A
Last filled subshell d = Group B
4f = lanthanide
5f = actinide
 # of atoms x AW
% compositio n  x 100%
FW of compound
OR

mass of substance
% compositio n  x 100%
total mass of sample

Example 1: Example 2:
Find the percent composition of O A 25 g sample of a compound that yields
in Al(NO3)3. 10 grams of carbon upon decomposition
has what % composition of C?
Solution:
9 x 16 Solution:
%O  x 100%
213 10
%C  x 100%  40%
 67.6% 25
 simplest formula; lowest whole actual formula or mole ratio
number mole ratio of atoms existing in nature
Example: Butanoic Acid
Molecular Formula (MF): Empirical Formula (EF):
CH3CH2CH2COOH or C4H8O2 C2H4O1 or C2H4O

Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas from % Composition and Formula Mass
For each element in the compound
assume 100 g mass (g) mole
of sample Atomic Mass smallest mole value
% mass mole smallest mole
composition (g) (mol) ratio (in EF)

Formula mass (FM)

(EF mole ratio) x n where n =
Mass of EF
smallest mole ratio (in EF) actual mole ratio (in MF)
 for each element in the compound:
assume 100 g mass (g) mole
of sample Atomic Mass smallest mole value
% mass mole smallest mole
composition (g) (mol) ratio (in EF)

Formulamass (FM)
(EF mole ratio) x n where n =
Mass of EF
smallest mole ratio (in EF) actual mole ratio (in MF)

Example:
Determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of a compound having a molar
mass of 30.0 g/mol that is 80% in C and 20% in H. Atomic Masses: C = 12 g/mol; H = 1 g/mol

Element % g mole Smallest mole ratio in EF

EF = C1H2
C 80 80 (80/12) = 6.67 (6.67/6.67) =1 Or
H 20 20 (20/1) = 20 (20/6.67) = 2 CH2
30 30
MF  (C 1H3 )  n where n   2
mass of C 1H3 12 (3  1)
 (C 1H3 )  2  C 2H6
Use Dimensional Analysis

Molar Mass (g/mol) 6.022 x 1023 particles

mole
mass mole number of
(g) (mol) particles
conversion factor conversion factor
Exercise: How many water molecules are there in 54 g of H2O? The molar mass of H2O
is 18 g/mol.

 mol  6.02  1023 molecules 

54 g     1.806 molecules
 18 g  mol C 4H10 
Combination (or Synthesis) Reactions
A + B + C + etc… → D
Decomposition Reactions
A → B + C + D + etc…
Single Replacement
A + BC → AC + B
where A, B and C are elements IMPORTANT: A has to more reactive than B
Double Displacement
AB + CD → AD + CB
where A and C are cations and B and D are anions
Combustion (or burning) Reactions
Compound + O2 → oxide
For organic compounds: CHO + O2 → CO2 + H2
 Left Side (Reactants) Equal to Right Side (Products)
Total number of each atom = Total number of each atom
Total Charges = Total Charges

1. N2 + H2 + Br2 → NH4Br

2. C3H5O9N3 → CO2 + N2 + O2 + H2O

3. Fe2O3 + C  Fe + CO

4. Na3PO4 + Ba(NO3)2 → Ba3(PO4)2 + NaNO3

5. Cu + HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + H2O + NO

 Hypothetical Reaction: xA → yB
Stoichiometric Coefficients: mole ratio or molecule ratio
Molar Mass Stoichiometric Molar Mass
of A Coefficients of B
mass (g) mole (mol) mole (mol) mass (g)
of A of A of B of B
conversion factor conversion factor conversion factor
Example 1
Calculate the mass of CO2 that is produced in burning 2.90 g of butane, C4H10. The
molar mass of C4H10 = 58 g/mol and the molar mass of CO2 = 44 g/mol
2 C4H10 + 13 O2  8 CO2 + 10 H2O

 mol C 4H10  8 mol CO 2  44 g CO 2 

2.9 g C 4H10      8.8 g CO 2
 58g C 4H10  2 mol C 4H10  mol CO 2 
Reactant that
is consumed first during a reaction
limits the reaction or amounts of products formed
produces the LEAST amount (true or actual amount) of product among all reactants

General Solution: Ratio and Proportion

2 Al 3 Cl2 2 AlCl3
Balanced Reaction
(Reactant) (Reactant) (Product)
Actual or Initial Amount 1.5 3 -
Theoretical Ratio Based
on Balanced Reaction 1.5 2.25 1.5
(needed/used amount)
Amount Left
0 0.75
(Initial – Used)
Concentration: relative amounts of solute and solvent or solution volume

mol moles of solute mol moles of solute

M  m 
L volume (inliter) of solution kg kilogram of solvent
Example Example
What is the molarity of a solution made by How many moles of KNO3 are there
dissolving 7.9 g of NaCl (M.Wt. = 58 g/mol) in 2.5 molal KNO3 solution where
in 80.0 ml water? the water solvent weighs 6.0 kg?

 mol  m
mol
7.9 g NaCl  
mol  58g  kg
M 
L  L   mol  m  kg
80 mL  
 1000 mL   mol 
  2.5  6 kg
mol  kg 
 1.7  1.7 M
L  15 mol KNO3
 lowering solution concentration by the addition of solvent
Moles of solute before dilution = Moles of solute after dilution
M1V1 = M2V2
Example
What would be the final concentration of 0.64 M MgCl2 if 20.0 mL of it were diluted to
80.0 mL?

M1 V1 0.64 M20.0 mL 
M2    0.16 mL
V2 80 mL
particles are closer particles are farther apart
higher pressure lower pressure
lower temperature higher temperature
strictly describe IDEAL GASES

in constant random motion → BROWNIAN MOTION

pressure is caused by the bombardment of particles
on the sides of their container
higher Kinetic Energy (KE)
→ faster particles
→ stronger force
→ higher pressure
perfectly elastic collisions
→ no chemical reactions → no change in KE
higher temperature → higher KE → higher pressure
negligible (almost zero) attraction and repulsion
among particles
 PV = nRT
where
P = pressure in atmosphere (atm) R = universal gas constant
V = volume in liters (L) = 0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K
n = moles (mol) of gas = 8.3145 J/mol∙K
T = temperature in Kelvin (K) = 8.3145 Pa∙cm3/mol∙K

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

Standard temperature:
0 C = 273.15 K = 32 oF
Standard pressure:
1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg
Standard molar volume:
22.4 L
(volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas at STP)
 Name Equation Constants Implication

Boyle’s Law P1V1  P2 V2 n (amount) & T

P is inversely
proportional to V

V1 V2
Charles’ Law  n (amount) & P
V is directly
proportional to T
T1 T2
V1 V2
Avogadro’s Law  P&T
V is directly
n1 n 2 proportional to n

P1 P2
Gay-Lussac’s Law  n (amount) & V
P is directly
T1 T2 proportional to T

P1 V1 P2 V2 P & V are directly

Combined Gas Law  n
proportional to T
T1 T2
 Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + …
NOTE: The greater the amount of gas, the greater is the partial pressure of the gas.

Questions:
1. Which gas exerts the greatest partial
3 moles of gas A
pressure in the balloon?
+
5 moles of gas B Answer: gas B
+ 2. If the total pressure inside the balloon is
1 mole of gas C 18 atm and the partial pressures of gas A
and gas C are 6 atm and 2 atm,
respectively, what is the partial pressure
of gas B?
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC
PB = Ptotal – PA – PC
= 18 atm – 6 atm – 2 atm = 10 atm
Answer: PB = 10 atm
R1 MWt2 NOTE: The lighter (lower molar mass) the
 gas, the faster it moves.
R2 MWt1
Which moves fastest; CH4 (MWt = 16 g/mol) , H2S (MWt = 34 g/mol) or
CO2 (MWt = 44g/mol)?
Answer: CH4

GAS MOVEMENTS

HIGHER LOWER
HIGHER
concentration; concentration;
concentration;
higher pressure higher pressure
higher pressure

LOWER
concentration;
higher pressure

DIFFUSION EFFUSION
Viscosity – resistance to flow
higher solute concentration
→ stronger forces of attraction among molecules
→ higher boiling point
→ higher viscosity

Vapor Pressure (VP) – the pressure exerted by the vapor on its

liquid as it starts to boil
higher solute concentration
→ stronger forces of attraction among molecules
→ higher boiling point
→ more difficult to evaporate
→ lesser amount of vapor produced
→ lesser vapor pressure

when vapor pressure = atmospheric or air pressure → boiling begins

Surface Tension – unequal forces of
attraction between molecules

Osmosis – movement of solvent

through a semi-permeable
membrane from a region of
lower solute concentration
to that of a higher
concentration
 Remember:
“PERSEVERANCE is a KEY
TO SUCCESS.”

Happy
learning!!!
- END -
Thank you very much for your
attention and participation! 