Anatomy & Physiology 2

Summer 2004

Chapter 22 – Lymphatics and Immunity

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Figure 22.1 The Components of the Lymphatic
System

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Figure 22.2 Lymphatic Capillaries

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Figure 22.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Valves

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Figure 22.4 The Relationship between the
Lymphatic Ducts and the Venous System

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Figure 22.4 The Relationship between the
Lymphatic Ducts and the Venous System

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Figure 22.6 Lymphoid Nodules

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Figure 22.7 The Structure of a Lymph Node

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Figure 22.5 The Derivation and Distribution of
Lymphocytes

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Lymphatic system and body defenses

• Nonspecific defenses –

• Specific defenses-

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Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses
(Part 1 - Physical Barriers)

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Nonspecific Defenses, Phagocytes

• Remove cellular debris and respond to invasion

by foreign pathogens
• Monocyte-macrophage system - Fixed and free
• Microphages – Neutrophils and eosinophils
• Move by diapedesis
• Exhibit chemotaxis

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Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses
(Part 2 - Phagocytes)

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Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses
(Part 3 - Immunological Surveillance)

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Nonspecific Defenses, Interferons (cytokines)

• Small proteins released by virally infected cells

• Trigger the production of antiviral proteins
• Three major types of interferons are:
• Alpha– produced by leukocytes and
attract/stimulate NK cells
• Beta– secreted by fibroblasts causing slow
inflammation
• Gamma – secreted by T cells and NK cells
stimulate macrophage activity

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Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses
(Part 5 - Complement System)

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Figure 22.13 Inflammation

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Figure 22.10 Nonspecific Defenses
(Part 7 - Fever)

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Figure 22.14 Types of Immunity

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Properties of immunity

• Specificity – activated by and responds to a

specific antigen
• Versatility – is ready to confront any antigen at
any time
• Memory – “remembers” any antigen it has
encountered
• Tolerance – responds to foreign substances but
ignores normal tissues

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The immune system response

• Antigen triggers an immune response

• Activates T cells and B cells
• T cells are activated after phagocytes exposed
to antigen
• T cells attack the antigen and stimulate B cells
• Activated B cells mature and produce antibody
• Antibody attacks antigen

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Figure 22.15 An Overview of the Immune
Response

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Major types of T cells

• Cytotoxic T cells (TC) – attack foreign cells

• Helper T cells (TH) – activate other T cells and B
cells
• Suppressor T cells (TS) – inhibit the activation of
T and B cells

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Figure 22.16 Antigens and MHC Proteins

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Figure 22.16 Antigens and MHC Proteins

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Figure 22.17 Antigen Recognition and the
Activation of Cytotoxic T Cells

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Figure 22.17 Antigen Recognition and the
Activation of Cytotoxic T Cells

PLAY Animation: Cytotoxic T Cell Activation

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Figure 22.18 Antigen Recognition and Activation
of Helper T cells

PLAY Animation: Antigen Recognition and Helper T Cell Activation

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Figure 22.19 A Summary of the Pathways of T
Cell Activation

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Figure 22.20 The Sensitization and Activation of
B Cells

PLAY Animation: B Cells and Antibody Production

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Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure

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Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure

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Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure

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Actions of antibodies include:

• Neutralization
• Agglutination and precipitation
• Activation of complement
• Attraction of phagocytes
• Opsinization
• Stimulation of inflammation
• Prevention of adhesion

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Figure 22.22 The Primary and Secondary
Immune Responses

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Figure 22.23 An Integrated Summary of the
Immune Response

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Figure 22.25 The Course of the Body’s Response
to Bacterial Infection

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