Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
Lecturer:
En. Rosmizi bin Abd Rahim
Dr. Mohd Faizal Bin Jamlos
PLV:
Puan Hazila Othman
1
Marks allocation:
2
Network Analyzer
Introduction
3
Types of Network Analyzer
Scalar Vector
• Magnitude only • Phase and Magnitude
• Broadband • Tuned Detector with
Detector with higher lower noise floor
noise floor • Higher Price
• Lower Price • Complete Error
• Normalization – Correction – More
Less Accurate Accurate
• Measures RL, SWR, • Measures all
Gain/Loss
4
Network Analyzers Vs Spectrum Analyzers
.
Amplitud
Measures Measures
e
known unknown
signal signals
Frequency Frequency
5
Why Use S-Parameters?
relatively easy to obtain at high frequencies
hard to measure total voltage & current at the device ports at high
frequency
measure voltage traveling waves with a vector network analyzer
don't need shorts/opens which can cause active devices to oscillate or
self-destruct
relate to familiar measurements (gain, loss, reflection coefficient ...)
for RF design, S-parameters are easily imported and used for circuit
simulations in electronic-design automation (EDA) tools like Agilent's
Advanced Design System (ADS). S-parameters are the shared language
between simulation and measurement.
6
Measuring S-Parameters
Inciden 2
S b2
t 1 Transmitted
a1
1 Z0
S1
Forward Reflected DUT Load
b1 a2 =0
Reflected b1
S 11 = = a
Incident 1 a2 =0 b2
S Reflected
b 22 = = a
Transmitted 2 Incident 2 a 1 =0
S 21 = = a
Incident 1 a 2 =0 b
Transmitted 1
S 12 = = a
Incident 2 a1 =0
a1 = 0 2 b2
Z0 S2
Load
DUT
Reflected Revers
1 Inciden a2 e
b1 Transmitted S 2 t
8
• Radiation Pattern
• Input Impedance and Impedance Matching
• Return Loss / Reflection Coefficient ?
• Bandwidth
• VSWR
•Demo
Antenna Parameters 9
Minor Lobe:
All the lobes other then the main
Main Lobe:
lobe are called the minor lobes.
This is the radiation lobe
These lobes represent the
containing the direction of
radiation in undesired directions.
maximum radiation.
HPBW (3dB
Beamwidth) :
The half power
Back Lobe: beamwidth (HPBW)
This is the minor can be defined as the
lobe diametrically angle subtended by
opposite the main the half power points
lobe. of the main lobe.
Side Lobes:
These are the minor lobes adjacent to the main lobe
and are separated by various nulls. Side lobes are
generally the largest among the minor lobes.
Antenna Parameters 10
The input impedance of an antenna is defined as “the impedance
presented by an antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the voltage to the
current at the pair of terminals ”.
An ideal antenna solution has an impedance of 50 ohm all the way from
the transceiver to the antenna.
where
Antenna Parameters 11
Smith Chart Review
Constant X
Z L = Zo Constant R
=0
(short Z (open
Z L = 0) =L )
±18
=1 0 O =1 0
O
Smith chart
Antenna Parameters
12
Return Loss (RL)
The Return Loss (RL) is a parameter which indicates the amount
of power that is “lost” to the load and does not return as a
reflection.
The RL is given as :
13
Return Loss (RL)
Return Loss
14
Bandwidth
The range of frequencies on either side of the center frequency where the
antenna characteristics like input impedance, radiation pattern,
beamwidth, polarization, side lobe level or gain, are close to those values
which have been obtained at the center frequency.
Antenna Parameters 15
Bandwidth
Antenna Parameters
16
VSWR
VSWR is a measure of impedance mismatch between
the transmitter and the antenna. The higher the
VSWR, the greater the mismatch. The minimum
VSWR, i.e., that which corresponds to a perfect
impedance match, is unity.
The result is presented as a figure
describing the power absorption
of the antenna. A value of 2.0:1
VSWR, which is equal to 90 %
power absorption, is considered
very good for a small antenna.
Antenna Parameters 17
Half Wave Dipole Antenna
hazila_2010
Yagi Antenna
Radiation Pattern