Its

LESSON OBJECTIVE

The leaners demonstrate an understanding of

cell structure and function.
Appreciate the importance of cell in order for l
ife to exists.
 Plant and animal cells are very similar because they are both
eukaryotic cells.
 membrane-bound organelles

 normal range for an animal cell varies from 10 to 30 micro

meters while that for a plant cell stretches from 10 to 100 mic
rometers.
 the main structural differences between plant and animal ce
lls lie in a few additional structures found in plant cells. These
structures include: chloroplasts, the cell wall, and vacuoles.
The cell membrane has many
functions, such as compartmentalizing
the cell from its environment and
protecting the interior of the cell from
foreign bodies. The cell membrane is
selectively permeable, which means
that only certain materials the cell
needs to continue to live can come
into the cell and waste particles can
go out.
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cell-membrane-2a7bb8f53c14326f

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Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cell-membrane-2a7bb8f53c14326f

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 5 to 10 nm thick
 Phospholipid bilayer
( glycerol, two fatty acids and phosphate group )
 Phosphate head ( water loving / hydrophillic )
 Lipid tails ( water fearing/ hydrophobic )
 Two fatty acids are non-polar and repelled by water
FUCNTION: GATE / CONTROL
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cell-membrane-2a7bb8f53c14326f

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OTHER COMPONENTS:
 Cholesterol, Proteins, Carbohydrates
Proteins are called:
1. Receptor:
transmit signal ; outer the surface of the plasma membrane
2. Integral:
Inner surface; anchor the membrane to the cells internal support
structure; giving shape
3. transport: Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cell-membrane-2a7bb8f53c14326f

Movement of water materials

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TWO COMPONENTS

CYTOSOL
 Jelly- Like structure
 Water, proteins, carbohydrates
 Organic compounds
 Site of physiological such as gly
colysis, protein and fatty acids.

Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoplasm-393629a0de79cfd4

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 Cytosol
( semifluid substance )
a. Electrolytes
( substances that produce electric
ally conducting solutions )
b. Metabollites
( substances produced during met
abolism
c. Ribonucleic Acid ( RNA)
d. Synthesized Proteins
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoplasm-393629a0de79cfd4

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ORGANELLES
a. Protein synthesis
b. Energy transformation
c. Digestion of food
d. Excretion of waste
e. Cell divion

Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoplasm-393629a0de79cfd4

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Substructures

MICROFILAMANET
 Long, hollow Thin proteins th
at help give skeleton for the
whole
MICROTUBULES
 Thin protein threads that hel
Source: p give the cell shape
https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoskeleton-5934a5d7a1cf54c9

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The cytoskeleton is a network
of protein fibers that provide
the framework for cellular
movement, shape, organelle
movement and cell division.
These protein fibers make up
the microfilament, intermediate
filaments and microtubules.
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoskeleton-5934a5d7a1cf54c9

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Major Filaments
1. Microfilament
 Diameter of about 7 nanome
ters (nm) mainly composed
of a contractile protein calle
d ACTIN

Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoskeleton-5934a5d7a1cf54c9

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Major Filaments
2. Microtubule
 Diameter of about 25 nm and is co
mposed of globular proteins called
tubulins ( alpha and beta tubulins )
 Help form the shape of the cell, as
well as track the movement of the o
rganelles.

Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoskeleton-5934a5d7a1cf54c9

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Major Filaments
3. Intermediate Filament
 It has a diameter of about 10 nm in
diameter and it is most stable and the l
east soluble constituent
 Provides Tensile strength in the cell

 Maximum stress that an object can

withstand before it breaks
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoskeleton-5934a5d7a1cf54c9

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 During Cell division, microtubules ev
entually arrange themselves in a
specific manner to form centrioles

 Come in pairs and are at right angles

with each other
 Help in the separation and transfer of t
he replicated genetic materials in the
cells
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoskeleton-5934a5d7a1cf54c9

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  Surrounded by the pericentriolar material
s ( forms the structure of the centrosome
)

Pericentriolar Materials
 Contains proteins that enable the growth
of microtubules, leading to the
formation of the spindle fibers

Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoskeleton-5934a5d7a1cf54c9

CENTROSOME BACK
 SPINDLE FIBER
 Needed to separate chromosomes during
cell division

 Activity of the centrioles affects the nucl

ear chromosome number

Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoskeleton-5934a5d7a1cf54c9

SPINDLE FIBER BACK

Production of ATP
through cellular respiration.
Heat production, programmed
cell death, regulation of the
metabolic activity in a cell and the
storage of calcium.

Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-mitochondria-cell-1e1f0de1b5122860

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Outer Membrane ( covering )
 Site of attachment for the respiratory
assembly of the ETC and ATP synthase

 Integral proteins and pores for transpor

ting molecules

Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-mitochondria-cell-1e1f0de1b5122860

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Inner Membrane ( folded many times to c
reate CRISTAE ( MATRIX)
CRISTAE
 Increases for cellular metabolism
 Contains ribosomes and DNA for the
mitochondria
Two enclosed spaces:
MATRIX
 Contains different enzymes
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-mitochondria-cell-1e1f0de1b5122860

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Inner Membrane ( folded many times to
 Surrounds mitochondrial matrix, where
the citric acid cycle produces the electrons
that travel from one protein complex to the
next in the inner membrane.

 Final acceptor ( Oxygen ) water

 ETC ( ATP )------ oxidative phosphorylatio
n

Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-mitochondria-cell-1e1f0de1b5122860

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 Adenosine Triphosphate

Synthesis of ATP
ADP + Pi ATP + H2O
Require energy 7.3 kcal/mole
Occurs in cytosol by glycolysis
mitochondria by cellular respiration
Chloroplast by photosynthesis
Consumption of Adenosine Triphosphate
Anabolic reactions
Joining transfer RNA’s to amino acids for asse
mbly to proteins
Synthesis of nucleoside triphosphate for assem
bly into DNA and RNA
Synthesis of polysaccharides
Synthesis of fats
Active transport of molecules and ions
Consumption of Adenosine Triphosphate
Conduction of nerve impulses
Maintenance of cell volume by osmosis
 Addition of phosphate groups(phosphorylation) to the
different proteins
 Muscle contraction
 Beating of cilia and flagella ( including sperm )
 Bioluminescence ( emission of light by microorganism)
 fireflies
 Extracellular of ATP
From damaged cells to elicit inflammation and
pain
Carotid body to signal a shortage of oxygen in
the blood
Taste receptor cells trigger action potentials in
the sensory nerves leading back to the brain
Stretched wall of the urinary bladder needs em
ptying
The nucleus is an organelle found in the
center of a cell that serves to control the
cell's function. It contains the DNA and
other components necessary to regulate
gene expression.
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-nucleus-b3bf7031526e2cf4

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The function of the nucleolus is to
transcribe DNA into ribosomal RNA
and assemble rRNA into ribosomal
subunits. The creation of rRNA is
important because rRNA makes up
ribosomes which are responsible
for protein synthesis in the cell.
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-nucleolus-2c7367b29e9ce1ab

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The nuclear envelope surrounds and
protects a eukaryotic cell's DNA and its
surrounding nucleoplasm. The
membrane is comprised of two layers
with a narrow space between them. The
surface of the envelope is covered with
tiny holes that permit the free flow of
small molecules, such as water and ATP,
while regulating the passage of
messenger RNA and various proteins.
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-nuclear-envelope-9c79c54918870617

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a. Outer Nuclear Membranes
PERINUCLEAR SPACE
b. Inner Nuclear Membranes
( Nucleoplasm )

 Strands of chromatin ( DNA and proteins

Chromatin con
desne to form
chromosomes
during cell divis
ion
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NUCLEOLUS
 Membrane – free organelle found inside the nu
cleus

 Contains fibril ( DNA coding for ribosomal RN

A ( rRNA ) and granules ( rRNA molecules wit
h proteins coming from the cytoplasm )
 Creating ribosomes, the sites of the protein
synthesis
a. Large subunit
b. Small subunit

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 Nuclear pore is protein-based
channels in the nuclear envelope.
It regulates the movement of
molecules from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm, and vice versa. In most
eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is
enclosed by this nuclear
membrane in order to separate it
from the cytoplasm.
Source: http://www.softschools.com/science/biology/function_of_nuclear_pores/

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 Membrane-bound organelle that forms
a network of interconnected sacks call
ed CISTERNA
 LUMEN ( Cisternal Space )

 Membrane of the ER is connected to

the nuclear envelope which runs through
the cytoplasm and may also extend into
the cell membrane

 When Ribosomes are attached to the E

R , it gives rough appearance
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-rough-endoplasmic-reticulum-4d3290b3f3a258f2

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 Membrane-bound organelle that forms
a network of interconnected sacks call
ed CISTERNA
 LUMEN ( Cisternal Space )

 Membrane of the ER is connected to

the nuclear envelope which runs through
the cytoplasm and may also extend into
the cell membrane

 When Ribosomes are attached to the E

R , it gives rough appearance
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-rough-endoplasmic-reticulum-4d3290b3f3a258f2

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 Membrane-bound organelle that origi
nated from the ER.
 HYDROLYTIC ENZYME
( Proteins that use water to break down
substances )

DIGESTABLE
a. Digest food
b. Recycle old components of the cell
c. Kill invading microorganisms

CYTOSOL ( cell consumption )

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INDIGESTABLE
 LYSOSMES
- Eventually become the RESIDUAL
BODIES

- Can also fuse with PHAGOSOMES,

which are vesicles containing
microorganisms inside

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 Debris can be released, which can
stimulate the immune system to
remember the microorganisms

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LYSOSOMAL MEMBRANE
 Contains spherical carbohydrate
covering its inner surface
 Prevents the lysosome from releasi
ng the HYDROLYTIC ENZYMEs all
at once
 SUICIDE BAG of the cell

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 collects simple chemicals in the cell a
nd assembles them into large, complex
structures such as proteins.
 plays a role in the process of simple c
hemical secretion by forming closed
vesicles around the substance to be tra
nsported.
 These vesicles then pinch off from the
Golgi apparatus and drift to the cell's p
lasma membrane where the transporte
d substance is released from the cell.

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TWO FACES:

 CIS FACE ( part facing the ER )

 TRANS FACE
( part facing the CYTOPLASM )
 Substance ( VESICLE ) produced in the ER (
proteins ) enters its LUMEN ( space inside t
he organelle )
 VESICLE moves towards the cis face
 GOLGI bodies modify the substances in th
e vesicle by putting tags so that the substa
nces will be recognized and accepted in th
eir respective destinations
 Once ready, vesicles containing the modifi
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ed substances exit at trans face
A major function of the peroxisome is the
breakdown of fatty acid molecules, in a
process called beta-oxidation. In this
process, the fatty acids are broken down
two carbons at a time, converted to Acetyl
-CoA, which is then transported back to
the cytosol for further use. In animal cells,
beta-oxidation can also occur in the
mitochondria. In yeast and plant cells, this
process is exclusive for the peroxisome.
Source: https://ph.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080828235403AAtlWDe

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The cell wall of plants maintains the
shape of plant cells, supports and
strengthens plants, resists water pressure,
controls cell growth, regulates metabolic
processes for the plant, acts as a physical
barrier for the plant, stores
carbohydrates and helps with cell to cell
signaling. The cell wall is a tough, yet
flexible layer that surrounds the cell
membrane of plant cells.
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-cell-wall-6cca21e8beceece4

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 “Chloros” green; “plastes” the one wh
o forms
 convert sunlight, water and carbon di
oxide into food for the plant ( sugar mo
lecules )
 Produce free energy stored in the form
of ATP and NADP through photosynthe
sis

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OUTER MEMBRANE
 Semi porous membrane and is per
meable to small molecules
INNER MEMBRANE
 Forms a border to stroma
 Regulates the passage of materials
in an out of the chloroplast
 Fatty acids, lipids and carotenoids
are synthesized

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INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
 10-20 nanometers
STROMA
 Aqueous liquid that is protein-rich
and is present within
 Space outside the thylakoid space
 Chloroplast DNA, chloroplast ribos
omes, thylakoid system, starch gra
nules and other proteins are foun
d floating the stroma
THYLAKOID SYSTEM
 THYLAKOS “ SAC”
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The function of the vacuole depends on
the type of cell in which it is found. One
of the main functions of the vacuole is to
isolate materials that might be harmful
to the cell.
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/function-vacuole-da95619c14b4cc4b

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A plasmodesmata is a channel through
the cell wall that allows molecules and
substances to move back and forth as
needed. Additionally, plasmodesmata also
create junctions from cell to cell, allowing
numerous cells to work together towards
a common goal. For example, it allows
tissues, organs, and organ systems in
plants to work together and grow.
Plasmodesmata have also been shown to
play a role in numerous other plant cell
processes
Source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-function-of-the-plasmodesmata-in-plant-cells

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Source: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-function-of-the-plasmodesmata-in-plant-cells

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