FOUNDATION

Foundation is that part of a structure,

which transfers the load of the structure
to the soil on which it rests. The
foundation is generally considered to be
the entire lowermost supporting part of
the structure
PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION
 To distribute the weight of the
structure over large area so as to avoid
over-loading of the soil beneath.
 To load the sub-stratum evenly and thus
prevents unequal settlement.
 To provide a level surface for building
operations.
 To take the structure deep into the
ground and thus increase its stability,
preventing overturning.
 FOOTING
A footing is the last or nearly the last structural
elements of the foundation through which the
loads pass. The footing has as its function the
requirement of spreading out the superimposed
load.
A footing is an enlarged, usually concrete, base
that distributes the load directly to the underlying
soil.
 Types of Foundation
1. Shallow foundation
2. Deep foundation
According to Terzaghi,a
foundation is shallow if its
depth is equal to or less than
its width. In case of deep
foundations, the depth is
equal to or greater than the
width.
 Shallow foundation
When the foundation is placed
immediately beneath the lowest part of
the super structure it is termed as
shallow foundation.
If the soils close to the ground are
adequate to support the required building
loads, the most economical system is
shallow spread footings.
 Deep foundation

When the foundations are placed

immediately below the lowest part of the
super structure it is termed as deep
foundation.
Example: Pile Foundation, Well foundation
etc.
 Classification of shallow
foundation
1. Spread footing
a. Wall footing/ Continuous footing
b. Isolated or individual column footing or column
footing
c. Reinforced concrete footing
d. Inverted arch footings
2. Grillage foundation
3. Combined footings
4. Mat or raft foundation
5. Steeped foundation
6. Cantilever or Strap footing
7. Continuous footing
 Wall Footing/Continuous wall
footing

Wall footings are used to support

structural walls that carry loads for other
floors or to support nonstructural walls.
 Isolated or individual column
footing or column footing

Isolated or single footings

are used to support single Column
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances
 Isolated or individual column
footing or column footing

Isolated footings are provided under

each column and may be square,
rectangular, or circular in plan. Footing may
be flat or tapered.
 Reinforced concrete footing

In place where the walls are subjected

to relatively heavy loading and the
bearing capacity of soil on which the
wall footing is to rest is low.
 Inverted arch footing

This types of foundation used to be provided

for multistoried buildings in olden times.
 Grillage foundation

When heavy structural loads from column, piers are

required to be transferred to a soil of low bearing
capacity then this types of foundation is used.
 Combined footings

Combined footings usually

support two columns, or three Column
columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when two columns are so close
that single footings cannot be
used or when one column is
located at or near a property
line.
Combined footings

PROPERTY LINE

TRAPEZOIDAL
RECTANGULAR
 Raft or mat foundation

Rafted or mat foundation

consists of one footing
usually placed under the
entire building area. They
are used, when soil bearing
capacity is low, column loads
are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not
used and differential
settlement must be reduced
 Steeped foundation

Load
A widening at the Column

bottom of a wall
consisting of a series
of steps in the
proportion of one
horizontal to two
vertical units.
 Cantilever or Strap footing

Cantilever or strap Strap

footings consist of two
single footings Column
connected with a beam
or a strap and support
two single columns.
This type replaces a
combined footing and is
more economical.
 Continuous footings

Continuous
footings support a
row of three or more
columns. They have
limited width and
continue under all
columns.
 Types of Deep Foundation

 Piles
 Cofferdams
 Caissons
 Pile Foundation
Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to
carry and transfer the load of the structure to
the bearing ground located at some depth
below ground surface. The main components
of the foundation are the pile cap and the
piles.
Piles are structural members of small section area
compared to their length,either driven or cast
in situ that are used to transmit surface loads
to lower levels in the soil mass.
 Classification of pile
load transmission and functional behavior

 End bearing piles (point bearing piles)

 Friction piles (cohesion piles )
 Compaction piles
 Tension piles/uplift piles
 Anchor piles
 Sheet piles
 Fender piles
 End bearing piles (point bearing piles)

End bearing piles are used to transfer load through

the water or very soft soil to a suitable bearing
stratum.
 Friction piles (cohesion piles )

Friction piles are used to transfer loads to a

depth of a friction load carrying materials
by means of skin friction along the length
of the piles
 Compaction piles

Compaction piles are uses to compact loose granular

soil thus increasing the bearing capacity. The
compaction piles are themselves do not carry any
load. Hence they may be weaker materials.
 Tension piles/uplift piles

These are used to anchor down the

structure subjected to uplift due to
hydrostatic pressure or overturning
moment.
 Anchor piles

These provide anchorage

against horizontal pull
from sheet piling or
other pulling forces.
 Sheet piles

vdf

Sheet piling is a form of driven piling using thin

interlocking sheets of steel to obtain a continuous barrier
in the ground. The main application of steel sheet piles is
in retaining walls erected to enable permanent works to
proceed.
 Fender piles

These are used to

protect water front
structure against the
impact from ships or
other floating objects.
 Classification of pile
material used
 Concrete pile
1. Precast pile
2. Cast in Situ (Cased/uncased)
3. Prestressed concrete piles
 Timber piles
 Steel piles
1.H-pile
2.Pipe piles
3.Sheet piles
 Composite piles
1.Concrete & Timber
2.Concrete & Steel
 Cofferdam
A cofferdam is an enclosure within a water
environment constructed to allow water to be
displaced by air for the purpose of creating a
dry work environment.
commonly used for oil rig construction and
repair, bridge and dam work, the cofferdam is
usually a welded steel structure that is
temporary, typically dismantled after work is
completed. Its components consist of sheet
piles, wales, and cross braces
Cofferdam
Cofferdams
 Classification of Cofferdam

 Earthen cofferdam
 Rock-fill cofferdam
 Single – walled cofferdam
 Double- Walled cofferdam
 Crib cofferdam
 Cellular cofferdam
a) Circular
b) Diaphragm
 Earthen cofferdam

It is essentially consists of an earthen

embankment built around the area to be closed. It is
constructed in places where the depth of water is not
much(1.3 ~ 1.8 m) and the velocity of the current is very
slow.
 Rock-fill cofferdam

Stone or rubble is used for the embankment. It is

constructed in places where the depth of water is not
much(1.8 ~ 3 m).
 Single – walled cofferdam

This types of cofferdam is

used in places where the area to
be closed is very small and the
depth of water is 4.5~ 6 m)
 Double- Walled cofferdam

For cofferdam
required to enclosed large
areas in deep water,
single wall type becomes
uneconomical as larger
sections of trussed struts
would be necessary to
resist the water pressure.
 Double- Walled cofferdam

For cofferdam
required to enclosed large
areas in deep water,
single wall type becomes
uneconomical as larger
sections of trussed struts
would be necessary to
resist the water pressure.
 Crib cofferdam

In deep waters where it is difficult to penetrate the

guide piles or sheet piles into the hard bed below, crib
cofferdam is used. In this types of construction, the sheet
piles are supported by a series of wooden cribs.
Cellular cofferdam

Circular
Cellular cofferdam

Diaphragm
 Caisson
It may be defined as a large substructure
which is built in the dry and sunk into water
and/or ground to a predetermined depth, thus
becoming the base or foundation of a large
structure.
Uses:
Bridge Piers and abutments in river, lakes etc
 Types of Caisson

1.Open cassion
2.Box cassion
3. Pneumatic cassion
Open caisson
Box caisson
Pneumatic cassion
 Min 1 combined

10” (5’X5’)
5” (3’X3’)
Plan

Foundation layout for Foundation layout for

Brick Structure` Framed Structure